In April 1994, the parents of two-year-old Samuel Ishimwe were murdered in Rwanda. Their fate was shared by up to a million people in the genocide against the country’s Tutsi minority. Thirty years on, Samuel sets out to discover what set these terrible events in motion.

He undertakes a journey from Rwanda to Germany and Belgium, both former colonial powers in the small East African nation. He hopes it will help him to understand the basis for the Hutu majority’s animosity towards the country’s small Tutsi minority. In Rwanda and Europe, Samuel meets with historians and contemporary witnesses. He wants to understand what happened to make people in his homeland turn on each other in such a way. What role was played by the "Hamite hypothesis,” a theory that assigned the Tutsis racial superiority? What’s the story behind all the human skulls taken to Germany from Rwanda more than 100 years ago? And, he asks, are the former colonial powers to blame for the fact that his parents, like so many other Rwandans, had to die? Or do the Rwandans bear the responsibility for the terrible mass murders that occurred between April and July 1994?

Whereas Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda saw themselves as belonging to different social classes, the German colonial rulers who were here from the late 19th century until 1916 defined them along ethnic, racial lines. In the 19th century, many Tutsis were members of an upper class with assets that included valuable cattle. The Hutus, on the other hand, were usually farmers with little or no livestock. For centuries, the kings of Rwanda were Tutsis. The Belgians drove the Germans out of Rwanda in World War One and assumed control of the country until its independence in 1962. These colonial rulers exacerbated the divisions between Hutus and Tutsis, exploiting discord to further their own interests. In the second half of the 1950s, the Belgians withdrew their support for the king and the ruling Tutsi government, facilitating a Hutu power grab. Large numbers of Tutsis came under attack at the time. Hundreds of thousands fled the country.

30 years after the genocide, peace now prevails in Rwanda. President Kagame’s policies have worked to break down adherence to Hutu and Tutsi identities. Does this mean that the country’s dark past and the distrust that long simmered between the groups has now been overcome?


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The religious beliefs of Israel were rooted in the shared culture of Canaan. Although it had unique attributes that differed from the Canaanites, it still found expression in shared practices and language. Some traditional practices couldn't be merged with Yahwism, but others like sacred poetry, music, and architecture were adopted and became integral to Israelite religion. The Old Testament's embrace or rejection of these elements means that Canaanite religious influences still affect us today through biblical narratives.Before the findings at Ugarit-Ras Shamra, our knowledge of Canaanite religion was minimal and largely from indirect sources. The Old Testament did mention Canaanite deities and rituals, but these were often in a negative light, making interpretations challenging. Mentions of Canaanite gods and rituals were also found in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Phoenician writings, including the Karatepe inscriptions from 1946. However, these weren't enough to form a complete understanding. Greek historians provided accounts of Canaanite beliefs, but it was hard to distinguish authentic traditions from later additions. Excavations at places like Byblos and Megiddo gave us glimpses, but only a fragmentary picture.Now, thanks to discoveries at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) in North Syria, the Canaanites tell their own story. Hundreds of clay tablets found there, written in a dialect close to Biblical Hebrew, offer rich insights. These tablets feature extensive mythological poems, records related to temple services, lists of deities and sacrifices, and details about temple workers and rituals. Additionally, artifacts linked to gods like Baal and Dagon, including temple remains and stelae, have been uncovered.It's crucial to understand that while there was a core Canaanite religious belief, local variations existed. Not every Canaanite city would have worshiped all the gods we know from the texts. Canaanite religion was more of a public affair than a personal one. Its rituals, mostly centered on ensuring fertility, were community events. Though there were individual acts of devotion, as seen in Phoenician inscriptions, the religion was mainly a communal way to connect with nature's forces. This involved practices believed to ensure continued creation and rejuvenation. The prominence of some deities in mythological writings doesn't always reflect their actual popularity among Canaanite devotees. Conversely, some gods, like Dagon, had a minimal role in myths—merely acknowledged as Baal's father—but seemed quite revered, as evidenced by a dedicated temple and two stelae in Ugarit.EL, the hebrew word for GOD, is the Supreme God and creator, and shows up as ALLAH in arabic.YHWH’s revelation is always at a mountain, whether called Sinai or Horeb, pictures the event is a volcanic eruption. As these texts show, volcanism seems to be an essential attribute typically associated with YHWH, linking him to the Craftsman Metalurgy gods I mentioned before. The account of the Sinai revelation, with its volcanic imagery, is meant to show that YHWH himself, and not simply a divine emissary, but a Demiurgic Crafstman.Some believe Mount Sinai might be one of these Arabian volcanoes, which the Israelites approached after departing Egypt. The Kenites seem to have been skilled metalworkers. Genesis 4 discusses Cain's descendant, Tubal-Cain, as a craftsman skilled in molding copper and iron. Semitic cognates of Cain hint that metallurgical activities were integral to its meaning. Hence, Cain might originally have represented the pioneering figure in metallurgy, with the Kenites—both metalworkers and smelters—as his successors. Their association with a volcanic deity like YHWH becomes clearer in this context.00:00:00 - Intro00:02:21 - Chapter 1: Canaanite Religion00:05:33 - Chapter 2: the God EL00:07:14 - Chapter 3: Divine Craftsman00:10:38 - Chapter 4: PTAH, Demiruge00:12:48 - Chapter 5: Elephantine Jews00:17:27 - Chapter 6: Yahweh, Midianite Metallurgy God00:24:59 - Chapter 7: YHWH vs. Ba'al00:32:18 - Chapter 8: Dionysian IAO00:37:54 - Chapter 9: Dionysus of the Desert00:39:57 - Chapter 10: Yahweh Inscriptions00:42:50 - Chapter 11: EL, King of the North00:45:45 - Chapter 12: Saturn, King of ELOHIM00:53:57 - Chapter 13: Old Gods - BAD00:58:00 - Chapter 14: Breasts of Gaia (2 Mountains)01:01:27 - Chapter 15: Jewish Polythesim01:03:22 - Chapter 16: Rise of Monotheism01:19:25 - Chapter 17: Demetrius Phalerius01:26:16 - OUTRO: Plutarch on 'AMEN'#gnosticinformant #judaism #documentary

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The ANC has ruled South Africa for 30 years. The party once stood for the end of apartheid. But many voters want change before the 2024 elections.

Nolutahndo Hassamo has also become disillusioned with the ANC. Most of all, she holds the government responsible for the widespread poverty. In Johannesburg she's been taking to the streets to demonstrate for safe and affordable housing. Social inequality is also one of the main points of criticism raised by the new social democratic party RISE Mzansi, together with the country’s rising crime rate. Other parties blame foreigners for all of the country's problems and are calling for deportations. The ANC can still hope to win the upcoming election - but discontent is growing in South Africa. A report by Stefan Möhl.

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Mali struggles to turn around a security situation that has hampered development and social progress.

Mali’s military government is trying to restore security in large areas of the country that have been controlled by armed groups. Since a coup in 2021, there has been a shift away from French influence towards China and Russia. The lack of security is holding back development in Mali, affecting its people, but there are small signs of improvement. We learn from victims' and traders' firsthand experience of the conflict while researchers and analysts speak to the causes of the instability. These narratives show Mali’s complex search for security, stability and lasting peace.

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Bruce Gilley joins Douglas Murray on this episode to discuss one of the biggest criticisms of the west – Colonialism. From antiquity to modernity, the two give an in-depth examination of the practice. Should Colonialism stay cancelled?

Stream the full episode of uncancelled history here: https://youtu.be/z0HJV5BE294

Uncancelled History re-evaluates events, people, and ideas that have otherwise been cancelled from the past. Learn more at www.uncancelledhistory.com

Douglas Murray is a British author and political commentator, who — along with his guests — looks at great figures of the past through their historical context.

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Nestled on the Caribbean Sea, Jacmel is a small harbor town known for preserving Haiti’s rich culture and arts. Its vibrant carnival endures every storm and crisis, showcasing the resilient spirit of its people.

The town bursts with life through popular dances like Rara and various rural events, where the community comes together to celebrate. Voodoo religion itself features multiple rhythms and dances, each telling a unique story and honoring ancestors.

Dancing in Jacmel is more than just movement; it's a way of conveying messages and narrating history. The Rara dance, originating from the Taino Indians, evokes memories of a harsh and complicated past for many Haitians. Today, it symbolizes the resilience and hope of a people living with their history while building their future.

Documentary: Islanders, Apart Together – Haiti: The Island of the Masks
Directed by: Alexandre Mostras
Production: Winds


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South Sudan is the world's youngest nation. Despite its rich cultural diversity and natural resources, the country faces immense challenges, including economic instability and governance issues exacerbated by continuing conflicts. The informal sector, a lifeline for many South Sudanese, plays a critical role in sustaining the nation's fragile economy.Hidden Strength unveils the stories of resilience within the informal economy of Juba. Through expert interviews and local business owners, the film demonstrates how honest livelihoods can be forged even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges.Subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/AJSubscribeFollow us on X: https://x.com/ajenglishFind us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aljazeeraCheck our website: https://www.aljazeera.comCheck out our Instagram page: https://www.instagram.com/aljazeeraenglishDownload AJE Mobile App: https://aje.io/AJEMobile#southsudan #africasnewdirections #sudan #economy #juba #documentary #africa #informaleconomy

The Dogon are an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa. They are best known for their religious traditions, which include a sophisticated cosmology, a tradition of mask making, and unique architecture. The Dogon are also known for their oral tradition, which has preserved their history and traditional knowledge of the cosmos and their place within it.

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