Wednesday, February 15th 1961.

Footage of a Memorial Meeting of Cubans in Havana to protest the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of Congo.

Source: Reuters News Archive.

Thursday, January 19th 1961.

Reuters Text from 1961:

Mrs Pauline Opanga Lumumba, wife of the deposed Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba-was seen in a highly distressed condition January 19 (in front of a) hut in the native quarter of Leopoldville (later Kinshasa). She had just returned from her appeal to the United Nations for the return of her husband. Seated with her was her two-year-old son Roland Gilbert.

But she - and the wives of Lumumba's fellow prisoners Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito-were given no firm promise by UN authorities, and had to return home. Mrs Lumumba-who had also requested to visit her husband, said: "We spoke to a man and asked him to help get our husbands back because we have no money."

Mr Lumumba was transferred Jan 18 from imprisonment at Camp hardy at Thysville to a Katanga prison. In a statement Jan 19 mr Tshombe, self-styled President of Katanga Province, refused to indicate where Mr Lumumba was. He also denied he had been beaten by his soldiers.

Source: Reuters News Archive.

Note:

It was later established that Patrice Lumumba had been murdered by a Belgian commanded firing squad on January 17th 1961.

Thursday, February 16th 1961.

Footage of a protest held outside the Belgian Embassy in Havana Cuba after news of the murder of Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of Congo, spread all over the world.

Lumumba had been killed in secret on January 17th by an execution squad commanded by a Belgian officer.

Reuters text from 1961:

"Crowds including large numbers of students held a meeting outside the Belgian Embassy in Havana, Feb 16, in protest against the "brutal assassination of Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba".

Carrying flags and banners, the crowd shouted "Cuba Yes, Yankees No", "Congo Yes, Belgians No", Now more than ever the Congo is bound to win", and "Lumumba is dead but not his ideas".

Watched by police and militia, the demonstrators marched up and down the street in front of the Embassy. Time and again, groups stopped at the main gate to voice their protest, supporting the "Congolese people and all nations who are fighting for peace in the world", and condemning "Belgian and American imperialism".

Source Reuters News Archive.

December 1960.

Footage of deposed Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba after his arrest by troops loyal to Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu.

Lumumba would later be executed by a Belgian commanded firing squad.

Source of footage: Framepool.

December 1960.

Footage of Patrice Lumumba, the deposed Prime Miinister of Congo at the time of his arrest by troops loyal to Colonel Joseph Mobutu.

Source: Reuters News Archive.

Sunday, July 24th 1960.

Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba flew into New York's Idlewild Airport July 24 for talks with Mr Dag Hammarskjoeld, United Nations Secretary-General, Waiting to greet him were some 50 African officials and representatives from the United Nations.

In an interview at the Airport he said: "We came here to make direct contact with the Secretary-General to arrange a speedy solution to the problem of the Congo." Speaking in French he added that the peace of the Congo Republic "is conditioned on the immediate departure of Belgian troops and we thank the United Nations for the resolution it adopted in that sense."

Mr Lumumba met Mr Hammarskjoeld that afternoon, and described the 2 1/2-hour talk as "very fruitful". The next day he was invited to attend a luncheon conference given by Mr Hammarskjoeld with the chief delegates of the II Security Council members and the nine African Assembly member states. So far there were no plans for the Congolese Prime Minister to address a meeting of the Security Council.

The United Nations announced July 23 that it would have more than 12,000 troops in the Congo Republic by the following weekend. They would comprise 14 battalions and five companies.

Source: Reuters News Archive.

Note:

Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations died in a mysterious plane crash in September 1961 while flying from Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) to the Republic of Congo (now the DRC) to mediate in the Congo Crisis.

He is one of only four persons to be awarded a Nobel Prize posthumously. President John F. Kennedy described him as "the greatest statesman of our century."

Thursday, June 13th 1974.

Footage of Samora Machel, the leader of FRELIMO (Frente de Libertação/Mozambique Liberation Front), the African guerrilla movement then seeking independence from Portugal rejecting a peace proposal from the new Portuguese government, a military regime which had overthrown the right-wing authoritarian Estado Novo regime on April 25th 1974.

Speaking at an OAU Summit in Mogadishu, Somalia, Machel described Portuguese colonialism in southern Africa as "the most decadent and corrupt form of foreign domination."

Reuters Text:

The leader of the Mozambique Liberation Front (Frelimo), Mr. Samora Machel, rejected the proposals out of hand. He said the portuguese proposals - which include a referendum and the pledge of self-determination -- were insults to the people of Mozambique.

Mr. Machal described Portugal's policies in Mozambique as "the most decadent and corrupt forms of foreign domination", and he claimed conditions were now favourable for their destruction. The guerrilla leader said constant work by Frelimo had alerted the masses to the justice of their cause and their battle against the Portuguese. Although the territory was still under military occupation, " the manifestations" in all urban centres had demonstrated the solidarity of the Mozambique people.

Without distinction, the people - of all races, ethnic groups, religious beliefs and social origins - were demanding national independence and total adherence to the principles and programmes of Frelimo. Mr. Machel said the determination and unity was forged in clandestine battle, in suffering and in torture, in prison and in concentration camps". He said the ten-year guerrilla war, directed by Frelimo, had strengthened the determination and unity of the Mozambique people against "colonialist aggression." Later in his speech, Mr. Machel referred to the dialogue now under way between Frelimo and the Portuguese Government.

He said it could not develop into proper negotiations until Portugal recognised Mozambique's right to total and absolute independence. He added that Frelimo would also have to be recognised as the Mozambique people's legitimate representative.

Source: Reuters News Archive.

Normally, our lifetime is too short to see any major changes. We don’t notice mountains rise, the way rivers change their course, or how oceans are created. Entire valleys may be sinking, but it usually takes too long for them to sink entirely. Still, a group of scientists recently noticed there’s a new ocean being formed really fast and we can even witness it appear. Not far away from the Horn of Africa peninsula, the sixth ocean is being born at the moment! By the way, there's a theory that claims the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans might just cease to exist, forming the new ocean basin. Eurasia will be split to form a new ocean, and all the continents will migrate to merge into the supercontinent. Another possible scenario claims the continents might merge into the uniform landmass, or form a circle with a large sea inside, and the Super Pacific Ocean outside. And since all the continents keep drifting northwards even now, it’s quite probable that almost all of them will meet up somewhere at the North Pole. So, here's how the Earth might change in millions of years.#brightside

TIMESTAMPS:
A new ocean 0:50
World’s longest-lasting lava lake 3:34
We’ll get more volcanoes! 4:06
The Pangea supercontinent might come back together 6:44

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The climate of the Sahara was completely different thousands of years ago. And we’re not talking about just a few years of extra rain. We’re talking about a climate that was so wet for so long that animals and humans alike made themselves at home in the middle of the Sahara. Big thanks to Fabrizio De Rossi for the reconstructions of the Sahara past and present. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudiosSuper special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:Anthony Callaghan, Anton Bryl, Jeff Graham, shelley floryd, Laura Sanborn, Henrik Peteri, Zachary Spencer, Chandler Bass, Richard Ohnemus, Joao Ascensao, Andrey, Ben Thorson, Marcus Lejon, Ilya Murashov, Nathan Paskett, Jerrit Erickson, Merri Snaidman, David Sewall, Gabriel Cortez, Jack Arbuckle, Kevin Griffin, Robert Noah, Philip Slingerland, Todd Dittman, James Bording, Eric Vonk, Robert Arévalo, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Jon Monteiro, Missy Elliott Smith, Jonathan Wright, Gregory Donovan, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, PS, Maria Humphrey, Larry Wilson, Hubert Rady, John Vanek, Tsee Lee, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Matt Parker, Tyson Cleary, Case Hill, Stefan Weber, Betsy Radley

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In 2010, fossilized fish was uncovered 250 miles west of the Nile river, where the Sahara Desert was as arid as ever. This chance finding led scientists to believe there could’ve been sea where the Sahara is now, so they conducted a geological survey of the area. And it yielded unexpected results: they found evidence of something huge under the sands, and it wasn’t part of any sea at all.For several months, the research continued with GPS equipment on land, and later, when all the ground data was collected, scientists took a look at the area from a satellite. The view was astounding! Actually, in this area, ancient human settlements had been found previously, and now the researchers finally had the answer as to why exactly they had chosen those spots to live. By the way, did you know that whales had once been land animals that evolved into marine ones? We’ll talk about that too!#brightside

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