The Haitian Revolution 1791 - 1804

PBS Documentary Titled - Egalite for All: Toussaint Louverture & The Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (French: Révolution haïtienne [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n]), was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint-Domingue that lasted from 1791 until 1804. It affected the institution of slavery throughout the Americas. Self-liberated slaves destroyed slavery at home, fought to preserve their freedom, and with the collaboration of mulattoes, founded the sovereign state of Haiti. It led to the greatest slave uprising since Spartacus's unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years prior.

The Haitian Revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state free from slavery and ruled by non-whites and former captives. With the increasing number of Haitian Revolutionary Studies in the last few decades, it has become clear that the event was a defining moment in the racial histories of the Atlantic World. The legacy of the Revolution was that it challenged long-held beliefs about black inferiority and of the enslaved person's capacity to achieve and maintain freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure became the source of stories that shocked and frightened slave owners.

François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (French: [fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ] 20 May 1743 – 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791. He first fought for the Spanish against the French; then for France against Spain and Britain; and finally, for Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti)'s colonial sovereignty against Napoleonic France. He then helped transform the insurgency into a revolutionary movement, which by 1800 had turned Saint-Domingue, the most prosperous slave colony of the time, into the first free colonial society to have explicitly rejected race as the basis of social ranking.

Though Toussaint did not sever ties with France, his actions in 1800 constituted a de facto autonomous colony. The colony's constitution proclaimed him governor for life even against Napoleon Bonaparte's wishes. He died betrayed before the final and most violent stage of the armed conflict. However, his achievements set the grounds for the Black army's absolute victory and for Jean-Jacques Dessalines to declare the sovereign state of Haiti in January 1804. Toussaint's prominent role in the Haitian success over colonialism and slavery had earned him the admiration of friends and detractors alike.

Toussaint Louverture began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint-Domingue; he was by then a free black man and a Jacobin. Initially allied with the Spaniards of neighboring Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic), Toussaint switched allegiance to the French when they abolished slavery. He gradually established control over the whole island and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint-Domingue. He restored the plantation system using paid labour, negotiated trade treaties with Britain and the United States, and maintained a large and well-disciplined army.

In 1801, he promulgated an autonomist constitution for the colony, with himself as Governor-General for Life. In 1802 he was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the former colony. He was deported to France, where he died in 1803. The Haitian Revolution continued under his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared independence on January 1, 1804. The French had lost two-thirds of forces sent to the island in an attempt to suppress the revolution; most died of yellow fever.

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Where the foothills of Mount Kenya merge into the desert, the people of Samburu have maintained a strict patriarchy for over 500 years in northern Kenya. That is, until 25 years ago, when Rebecca Lolosoli founded Umoja village as a safe haven for the region's women. Umoja, which means "unity" in Swahili, is quite literally a no man's land, and the matriarchal refuge is now home to the Samburu women who no longer want to suffer abuses, like genital mutilation and forced marriages, at the hands of men.

Throughout the years, it has also empowered other women in the districts surrounding Samburu to start their own men-excluding villages. Broadly visited Umoja and the villages it inspired to meet with the women who were fed up with living in a violent patriarchy.

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For centuries now, the Dorn Savanna has been the lifeline for the Massai people. Until today, they refuse to get involved in the constant upheavals in Kenya and instead continue to cultivate their traditions. The Massai have lived in the border region between Tanzania and Kenya for hundreds of years; almost completely removed from all civilization. In some ways their remoteness has spared them from many ordeals. But on the other hand, this autarkical life can be problematic, especially when it comes to the education of their children.

This is also the case in the Massai village Kasiole. 12 families live in the village. Each hut has two rooms and in each one there lives a family with at least 5 children. Here, there is no space for a school, and needless to say, there are also no teachers. Therefore the children from Kasiole must walk for hours each morning to get to school. Most of the children stay at home and tend the cattle. Many parents are afraid to send their children off on the 10 kilometers long way to school right trough the savanna.
4am. Before going off to school the nightwatch is the task at hand. 8 year old Moseka guards the family's cows and goats. Sometime wild animals sneak into the village at night – a threat to everyone.
When dawn sets in at around 6, the Maasai village Kasiole comes to life. Moseka's nightwatch ends – and his way to school begins.

Students like Moseka from all across the region are setting off this morning on their way to the only school far and wide. Moseka`´s mother worries. In the last few days elefants often visited the area – the Massai consider them to be one of the most dangerous species in wilderness. His mother warns him once again about the possible dangers along the way.
The first kilometres take the children through the burning hot savanna, and this without any water. The family does not have the means to afford a drinking bottle. Their route takes them pass amazing landscapes, and also different Massai villages, some of them already deserted and some just newly built. Through their way of life, it makes no sense for the Massai to build large houses. They will only live 2 to 3 years in them and are built traditionally with walls made from cow manure and straw covered roofs. Only a few children join them from the other villiages, although in Kenya schooling is mandatory, but not enforced by anyone.

The way to school lead Moseka and his friend through the leopards valley – infamous for roaming predators. The Kenyan savanna is a huge open air zoo with an incredible diversity of species. Seen from the perspective of parents who send their children to school every day, it is an unfenced zoo, though. An open space whre the natural law of eat or be eaten is part of every day life. It takes a bit of courage to go to school here.
The students destination: The Ntuka Primary School. The only school within a radius of about 20 kilometers. Often they are too late, but the teacher understands, he is aware of the long school route.

In ‘Unreported World’ we’re in the Congo with a tribe under threat, as the forest they hunt for food in is put off limits to protect the wildlife. The Baka tribe tell us of threats and intimidation by the proposed park’s guards who are part-funded by the World Wildlife Fund.

Ade Adepitan travels deep into the rainforests to see how the Baka are fighting for food. Is the survival of endangered species being put above their own?

WARNING: You may find scenes of
butchered animals upsetting.

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Congo Connection (2009): The mineral Coltan has fuelled a technological revolution in the West, but in the DRC it has become a talisman of brutal violence.

For similar stories, see:
Rage Of War In Congo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhHFHSNvTjo
Thousands Displaced In The Congo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nk9ZG20ymeE
The Future of Virunga's Mountain Gorillas Is In Jeopardy
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Modern technology relies upon a mineral found in the Congo. Is our appetite for the latest gadgets fuelling rebel fighting in the Congo - threatening the survival of central Africa’s great gorillas?

On the inside of many devices like mobile phones and laptops is the mineral ‘Coltan’, which has made our gadgets smaller and more complex. In the mineral-rich Congo, armed militia watch over the children digging this mineral from the ground. “"The government only pretends to help us"” says one miner, who pays a government official just to work. “"The Congo is a shifting sands of various militia, the largest of which is the Congolese state itself”," explains an expert on blood minerals.

Yet the miners depend on the little they get from mining to survive. Electronic giants like Apple now claim they will no longer use Coltan from this area but experts are convinced the militias will “smuggle it onto the market” regardless. For local miners, the move away from African minerals is “just another way of penalising Africans”. Coltan fuels a conflict, which has seen national parks become war zones, gorillas killed for meat and hundreds of houses set on fire in turf wars over mineral territory. Yet it also feeds 400,000 petty traders. Why did it take a mobile phone to make us appreciate the injustice in the Congo?

ABC Australia – Ref. 4553

Journeyman Pictures is your independent source for the world's most powerful films, exploring the burning issues of today. We represent stories from the world's top producers, with brand new content coming in all the time. On our channel you'll find outstanding and controversial journalism covering any global subject you can imagine wanting to know about.

The Real Mobile Phone Wars - DRC, 10 October 2001

As the high tech age takes over more and more of our lives manufacturers will go to any lengths to get the sometimes scarce minerals that go into them. Tantalum is one such rare ingredient. Few of us know that in the middle of Africa much human suffering is created in the pursuit of it.

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Coltan is a valuable metal because it can be processed and manufactured into a component called a capacitor, which sits on the circuit board of mobile phone and other portable electronic devices. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the world's second biggest supplier of coltan (after Australia), supplying an estimated 18 per cent of the world market. The trouble with coltan from Congo is that it is fuelling the war there. Various rebel groups and militias are mining, stealing, taxing and/or smuggling coltan to raise funds for their war effort. A recent UN report has declared the trade in coltan from Congo illegal because the legitimate and internationally recognised Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo does not license it. Instead the trade of coltan is helping to destabilise that government. Our reporter, JULIANA RUHFUS, travels via Uganda across the Kasindi border crossing, to Congo, her quest to find the source of coltan. Her often dangerous journey takes her via coltan traders, miners and warlords including the Mayi Mayi.

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A report by Juliana Ruhfus for Unreported World. Produced by Mentorn. Ref. 1170
Distributed by Journeyman Pictures

Dr. Molefi Asante discusses his dream for a United States of Africa, a movement begun by Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's first president. He will examine the prospect for an African Renaissance based on the idea of an African Federative Union and present the prospects and problems of a continental government in Africa.

Essex County College's Africana Institute's Garvey/Nkrumah Lecture Series from 2014 featuring Dr. Leonard Jeffries. Created by the Essex County College Media Production & Technology Center.

HAPI Talks with HAPI Cast Member Dr. Leonard Jeffries about Economics, Politics and Culture.

Please visit www.hapifilm.com to get a copy of the Groundbreaking documentary film HAPI and all the latest HAPI gear.

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