Racism in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial era and the slave era. Legally sanctioned racism imposed a heavy burden on Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latin Americans. European Americans (particularly Anglo Americans) were privileged by law in matters of literacy, immigration, voting rights, citizenship, land acquisition, and criminal procedure over periods of time extending from the 17th century to the 1960s. Many non-Protestant European immigrant groups, particularly American Jews, Irish Americans, Italian Americans, as well as other immigrants from elsewhere, suffered xenophobic exclusion and other forms of discrimination in American society.

Major racially structured institutions included slavery, Indian Wars, Native American reservations, segregation, residential schools (for Native Americans), and internment camps. Formal racial discrimination was largely banned in the mid-20th century, and came to be perceived as socially unacceptable and/or morally repugnant as well, yet racial politics remain a major phenomenon. Historical racism continues to be reflected in socio-economic inequality. Racial stratification continues to occur in employment, housing, education, lending, and government.

The 20th century saw a hardening of institutionalized racism and legal discrimination against citizens of African descent in the United States. Although technically able to vote, poll taxes, acts of terror (often perpetuated by groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, founded in the Reconstruction South), and discriminatory laws such as grandfather clauses kept black Americans disenfranchised particularly in the South but also nationwide following the Hayes election at the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877. In response to de jure racism, protest and lobbyist groups emerged, most notably, the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909.

This time period is sometimes referred to as the nadir of American race relations because racism in the United States was worse during this time than at any period before or since. Segregation, racial discrimination, and expressions of white supremacy all increased. So did anti-black violence, including lynchings and race riots.

In addition, racism which had been viewed primarily as a problem in the Southern states, burst onto the national consciousness following the Great Migration, the relocation of millions of African Americans from their roots in the Southern states to the industrial centers of the North after World War I, particularly in cities such as Boston, Chicago, and New York (Harlem). In northern cities, racial tensions exploded, most violently in Chicago, and lynchings--mob-directed hangings, usually racially motivated—increased dramatically in the 1920s. As a member of the Princeton chapter of the NAACP, Albert Einstein corresponded with W. E. B. Du Bois, and in 1946 Einstein called racism America's "worst disease."

The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965. They mandated "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were almost always inferior to those provided to white Americans. The most important laws required that public schools, public places and public transportation, like trains and buses, have separate facilities for whites and blacks. (These Jim Crow Laws were separate from the 1800-66 Black Codes, which had restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.) State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act; none were in effect at the end of the 1960s.

Segregation continued even after the demise of the Jim Crow laws. Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration from suggest that in the mid-20th century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by whites to exclude blacks from their neighborhoods. Segregation also took the form of redlining, the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as banking, insurance, access to jobs, access to health care, or even supermarkets to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. Although in the United States informal discrimination and segregation have always existed, the practice called "redlining" began with the National Housing Act of 1934, which established the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).

⁣Dr. Yosef Ben Jochannan P2 | 1987

Dr. Yosef Ben Jochannan P1 | 1987

Legrand Clegg: When Black Men Ruled the World

Dr. Charles S. Finch III: The Origin of Man | 1986

Dr. Edward Scobie [1992]

⁣maps of what is presently called the continent of Africa between 1545 and 1993

Dr. Jeffries and Dr. T'Shaka will discuss the intellectual legacies of Dr. Diop and Dr. Obenga within the context of Pan Africanism, examining the intellectual and spiritual influences on Diop's thinking and their relationship to Dr. John Henrik Clark, John Jackson and Dr. Jacob Carruthers. This discussion will include why African leaders have gone wrong in applying Africa's rich cultural and historical past to the present day needs of African people and how this can be corrected

Why is Cheikh Anta Diop important? | Cheikh Anta Diop Egypt | African History Series |

Welcome to my youtube channel ( The Sankofa Pan African Series ) I am Bunmio yinsan Phd. In this video i am going to talking about the importance of cheikh anta diop . So for full information please watch the full and subscribe the channel thanks.

#CheikhAntaDiop #Diop #AfricanSeries

The First Americans Were Africans: Expanded and Revised https://amzn.to/3jaVH5m

ADEPT: [Professor James Small] The SHOCK Metaphysics Virtual Kemetic Wisdom School https://goo.gl/UEZFDh
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The First Americans Were Africans: Expanded and Revised https://amzn.to/3jaVH5m

In this exciting episode of the Philippe Matthews Show, Professor Kaba Hiawatha Kamene, Professor James Small and Dr. David Imhotep will unpack the untold, hidden history of Haiti and the Haitian revolution.

Haiti beat five nations including the british! Dr. David Imhotep says, “We shall give the public a completely new perspective on Haiti after I first cover her GLORIOUS PAST! Long live DESSALINES, BOUKMAN & TOUSSAINT!"

LINKS OF INTEREST:

DOWNLOAD: The Life History of the Human Race by Kaba Hiawatha Kamene (38 page E-Book) http://bit.ly/2j8w2ul
What is Philippe Reading: http://a.co/iDE6rkw
What is Philippe Watching: http://a.co/7R34m5m

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Please watch: "The Innerground Railroad Official Trailer"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUn2jWxsaoY
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