Not everything that is true can be proven. This discovery transformed infinity, changed the course of a world war and led to the modern computer. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Special thanks to Prof. Asaf Karagila for consultation on set theory and specific rewrites, to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for reviews of earlier drafts, Prof. Toby ‘Qubit’ Cubitt for the help with the spectral gap, to Henry Reich for the helpful feedback and comments on the video.

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References:

Dunham, W. (2013, July). A Note on the Origin of the Twin Prime Conjecture. In Notices of the International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 63-65). International Press of Boston. — https://ve42.co/Dunham2013

Conway, J. (1970). The game of life. Scientific American, 223(4), 4. — https://ve42.co/Conway1970

Churchill, A., Biderman, S., Herrick, A. (2019). Magic: The Gathering is Turing Complete. ArXiv. — https://ve42.co/Churchill2019

Gaifman, H. (2006). Naming and Diagonalization, from Cantor to Godel to Kleene. Logic Journal of the IGPL, 14(5), 709-728. — https://ve42.co/Gaifman2006

Lénárt, I. (2010). Gauss, Bolyai, Lobachevsky–in General Education?(Hyperbolic Geometry as Part of the Mathematics Curriculum). In Proceedings of Bridges 2010: Mathematics, Music, Art, Architecture, Culture (pp. 223-230). Tessellations Publishing. — https://ve42.co/Lnrt2010

Attribution of Poincare’s quote, The Mathematical Intelligencer, vol. 13, no. 1, Winter 1991. — https://ve42.co/Poincare

Irvine, A. D., & Deutsch, H. (1995). Russell’s paradox. — https://ve42.co/Irvine1995

Gödel, K. (1992). On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems. Courier Corporation. — https://ve42.co/Godel1931

Russell, B., & Whitehead, A. (1973). Principia Mathematica [PM], vol I, 1910, vol. II, 1912, vol III, 1913, vol. I, 1925, vol II & III, 1927, Paperback Edition to* 56. Cambridge UP. — https://ve42.co/Russel1910

Gödel, K. (1986). Kurt Gödel: Collected Works: Volume I: Publications 1929-1936 (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press, USA. — https://ve42.co/Godel1986

Cubitt, T. S., Perez-Garcia, D., & Wolf, M. M. (2015). Undecidability of the spectral gap. Nature, 528(7581), 207-211. — https://ve42.co/Cubitt2015

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Written by Derek Muller, Adam Becker and Jonny Hyman
Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Iván Tello and Jonny Hyman
Math City Animation by Another Angle 3D Visuals (www.anotherangle.ee)
Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
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This edition of #JournalistsHangout discusses the abduction of students in Kebbi state and other security challenges.

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Yvan Sagnet from Cameroon is battling modern slavery in Italy's agricultural sector. Sagnet once worked as a low-wage farmhand. Now he is fighting for the rights of seasonal farmworkers, taking criminal recruiters, or gangmasters, to court.

Yvan Sagnet calls them slaves: the hundreds of thousands of seasonal farmworkers from Africa and eastern Europe on Italy's fields. Without their labor the country would have no tomato, orange or olive harvest. But the workers are exploited and often forced to live under inhumane conditions in ruins or shanty towns called ghettos. In 2011 Sagnet himself briefly picked tomatoes on the fields near the southern Italian town of Nardò. For four days he labored to fill the 350-kilogram crates. He earned 14 euros a day, ten of which he had to hand over to the gangmaster, or Caporale, for transport and water. Caporale is the term for the criminal recruiters who control and exploit the workers. After a 14-hour day working under the blazing sun and even being beaten, Sagnet took home only four euros. He helped to organize the first strike among the farmhands. It was a success, and since then he has been an activist for the rights of the farmworkers and against the gangmasters. Despite death threats, he has set up an organization called NoCap, a label to certify produce farmed under ethically acceptable conditions. And he has taken his fight against exploitation and slavery to the courts. So far, the Italian justice system has responded slowly. It's a fight that will take a long time to win.

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General Toussaint L'ouverture: What You Didn't Know About the Haitian Revolution with King Kevin Dorival http://www.kevindorival com

$Courage2believe - Gift for Professor Jean-Claude Exulien Donations can be mailed: PO Box 150071 Atlanta, GA. 30315#HaitianFlagDay #ToussaintLouverture #haitianrevolution

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Bello is the mother of four, grandmother of 10 and great grandmother of 4. She first earned an Administrative degree at New York State University. Then went on to gain a B.S. in Education and an M.S. in Linguistics. Bello taught Arabic at Muhammad University of Islam. She discovered the joy of writing and published several language manuals and children's storybooks.

Bello has lived in Liberia, Nigeria and Togo. She’s visited all the West African countries and several others on the continent. Back in the United States Bello worked as a publicist for the Museum of Natural History.

After gaining a Masters Degree in Primary Education and more teaching experience, Bello returned to Haiti. There, she taught the Hausa language and culture at the State University of Haiti. She also founded the ‘Citadelle International School,’ a bilingual school for Primary & Secondary aged children, aiming to aid young Haitians returning home to adapt.

Professor Bello teaches anthropology at the State University of Haiti. She is among the few professional educators to have dedicated her life’s work to the struggle for human rights and dignity for our peoples across the planet. A humanitarian and advocate, Professor Bello continues to contribute time and resources to assist in the development of programs based on a procedure she conceived. It states that the greatest knowledge is the knowledge of Self. Once one has developed the knowledge of Self one has no basis to envy another, to desire that which is not naturally yours, to promote or practice corruption; …one is empowered to generate reciprocity which is the foundation from which springs abundance and prosperity. Professor Bello is fluent in Haitian Kreyòl, French, English, Arabic and Hausa. She is currently working as Professor at the State University of Haiti.

Professor Bello was featured as a leading Haiti scholar and historian in the documentary 1804: The Hidden History of Haiti.

Publications: 1970, Beautiful Black Words for Beautiful Black Children, AMA Publishers; countless articles on History, Women, Vodoun, Education & Culture in magazines and journals in Afrika, the Caraibes & the United States; 1995, Almanak Ayisyen/Ayitian Calendar 1995; 1995 Héritage Maternel, poems on audio cassette; 2000, Mwen Rele Kanis Ogis, autobiography of a 123-year-old man; 2015, Bio of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and Sheroes of the Haitian Revolution published by Thorobred Books.

Professor Bello is committed to achieving the primary goal of FONDASYON FELICITEE which she founded to develop a liberating educational system beneficial to all those affected by the Maafa.

www.fondasyonfelicitee.com

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Following the Spanish-American War, the United States foreign policy, under the influence of the Monroe Doctrine, intervened in several countries in Central America and the Caribbean. The United States Marine Corps was usually the military arm of these involvements as was the case in Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

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» SOURCES
Bauduy, Jennifer, “The 1915 U.S. Invasion of Haiti: Examining a Treaty of Occupation” Social Education 79 (2015)

Castor, Suzy & Garafola, Lynn, “The American Occupation of Haiti (1915-34) and the Dominican Republic (1916-24)” The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 15, No. 1/2, Caliban (Winter - Spring, 1974)

Gilderhus, Mark T, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2000)

Johnson, Jeannie L. The Marines, Counterinsurgency, and Strategic Culture: Lessons Learned and Lost in America's Wars, (Washington D.C. : Georgetown University Press, 2018)

Langley, Lester D, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2002)

Langley, Lester D, The United States and the Caribbean, 1900-1970, (Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia Press, 1980)

Perez, Louis A., Jr. Intervention, Revolution, and Politics in Cuba, 1913-1921, (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009)

Posner, Walter H. “American Marines in Haiti, 1915-1922” The Americas, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Jan., 1964)

Schreadley, R. L. Intervention! : the Americans in Haiti, 1915-1934, (Charleston, South Carolina : Evening Post Books, 2017)

Yates, Lawrence A, “The US Military’s Experience in Stability Operations, 1789-2005”, Global War on Terrorism Occasional Paper 15, Title 1, Series 2, (2006)


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