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As the world has been transfixed by the opioid crisis in North America, another crisis, just as serious, has been unfolding almost unreported across Africa.

The addictive prescription painkiller Tramadol has exploded in popularity, used by everyone from workers trying to cope with long hours and grueling labor, to university students looking to have a good time. It’s even the drug of choice for members of Islamist terrorist group Boko Haram, fueling their violence.

Now, governments are threatening to crack down, using the same War on Drugs methods of repression that have failed everywhere else. And meanwhile, as counterfeit pills flood the continent, new research is questioning whether people are even taking real Tramadol at all.

In The War On Drugs, we examine the social implications of prohibition worldwide. Any attempt to shut down the trade in drugs such as heroin, cocaine, ecstasy, ketamine or weed invariably sets off a chain of events that just makes things worse, leaving a trail of death, illness, violence, slavery, addiction, crime and inequality across the globe. Everyone loses – except, in a weird kind of way, the drugs themselves.

Watch more from this series:

This Is How We Legalize Weed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki6wG3cbg08&list=PLDbSvEZka6GGanXjSfH1bQNVheppFQWWo

Cartels Are Trafficking Drugs Through West Africa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXf0ga9s8Xw&list=PLDbSvEZka6GGanXjSfH1bQNVheppFQWWo&index=2

Turning 12-Year-Olds Into Drug Dealers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQV3rQ3Hr_E&list=PLDbSvEZka6GGanXjSfH1bQNVheppFQWWo&index=3

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2016 UG Provost Publications Award: Dr. Obadele Kambon

Kambon, O. (2015). Theory of Endogenous and Exogenous Motivation in L2 Migration. Per Linguam, 31(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.5785/31-2-594

Available as a free download here:

http://perlinguam.journals.ac.....za/pub/article/view/ /

http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/7433

https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/281107402

https://www.academia.edu/16125....266/THEORY_OF_ENDOGE

ABSTRACT: Implied in theories of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is the notion that language learning is analogous to obtaining or acquiring a possession – thus the use of the term ‘acquisition.’ While this interpretation has gone relatively unchallenged in the literature, this article introduces a new analogy whereby language learning is seen as analogous to a process of permanent or semi-permanent migration towards a new socio-linguistic L2 space. As such, a theory of endogenous and exogenous motivation is delineated, entailing a dynamic interplay between internal (primarily psychological) and external (primarily sociological) push-pull factors. Endogenous and exogenous push-pull factors, together with various other personal factors, contribute to learner decisions to migrate towards, move away from or remain inert with regard to the target language. Further, motivation is framed in the larger theoretical context of causation.

===============================
UNIVERSITY OF GHANA
COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES
2018 Provost Publications Award
(Early Career)
This Award is presented to Dr. Obadele Kambon (Research Fellow, Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana) as the winner of the 2016 Provost Publications Award (Early Career). The award is based on your Paper titled: "Theory of Endogenous and Exogenous Motivation in L2 Migration" which was published in Per linguam, 31(2)2015" Your article has been noted to be a great input in the area of language teaching and learning and this work will be used by many researchers and foreign language teachers.
Also, your work is deemed as provocative, perceptive and a well researched paper that has unmistakable relevance for the teaching and learning of foreign languages and target languages."
Your write-up is an original contribution which challenges current theories that account for second language acquisition.
Dr. Obadele Kambon , for your outstanding contribution to knowledge and scholarship and for breaking new grounds, the College of Humanities is proud to award you the 2016 Provost Publications Award (Early Career)
Congratulations.
Professor Samuel Agyei-Mensah
Provost

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In this video, we meet up with Angie Rose (AGA tours), Victor Richards (Streets Paved with Gold) and Tony Barker (Gambia Connect).

This video was recorded and edited by Makonnen Sankofa. Subscribe to Makonnen's YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiP8DHZ_eEFLJdOn7

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The British Empire ran the largest drug operation in human history — and it wasn't hidden. It was policy.

For nearly two centuries, Britain forced Indian farmers to grow opium poppies on some of the most fertile land in South Asia, processed the harvest in government-run factories, and shipped it to China — where millions became hopelessly addicted. When China tried to stop the flow of drugs into its own country, Britain declared war. Twice.

The profits were taxed at every step. The Indian farmer who grew the poppies was taxed. The opium auctioned in Calcutta was taxed. And after Britain won the wars, China was forced to pay for the privilege of being attacked — including compensation for the very opium it had destroyed trying to protect its own people.

This is the story of how the East India Company engineered a trade triangle that reversed one of the largest silver flows in history, broke two civilizations, and built the financial foundations of the modern world on human suffering. From the poppy fields of Bihar to the smuggling boats off Guangzhou, from the Treaty of Nanking to the burning of the Summer Palace — this is one of the most consequential and deliberately buried chapters in economic history.

This video covers:
— The tea trade imbalance that started it all
— How the East India Company built a state-run narcotics monopoly in Bengal
— The forced cultivation system that starved Indian farmers
— The smuggling networks that flooded China with opium
— Commissioner Lin Zexu's fight to save his country
— The First and Second Opium Wars
— The unequal treaties that carved up Chinese sovereignty
— How opium revenue funded the expansion of the British Empire
— Why this history still shapes geopolitics today

#opiumwars #britishempire #eastindiacompany #colonialhistory #china #india #economichistory #imperialism #tradewar #opiumtrade #qingdynasty #linzexu #treatyofnanking #centuryofhumiliation #hiddenhistory #globalfinance #colonialism #britishraj #bengal #geopolitics #moneyandpower #financehistory #drugtrade #unequaltreaties #empireoftrade

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Mansa Musa, the 14th century African king of the Mali Empire, is said to have amassed a fortune that possibly made him one of the wealthiest people who ever lived. Jessica Smith tells the story of how Mansa Musa literally put his empire – and himself – on the map.

Lesson by Jessica Smith, animation by Sandro Katamashvili.