⁣Borehole Drilling in Ghana | 2020

Clean water and sanitation for all by 2030.
How can a Self-supply chain of Simple Market based Affordable Repairable Technologies (SMART) help reaching this goal?

Presented at WEDC 2017.

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What do trees talk about? In the Douglas fir forests of Canada, see how trees “talk” to each other by forming underground symbiotic relationships—called mycorrhizae—with fungi to relay stress signals and share resources with one another.
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Read ‘Talking Trees’ in the June 2018 issue of National Geographic magazine to learn more about the Douglas fir forests of Canada and the work of forest ecologist Suzanne Simard.

How Trees Secretly Talk to Each Other in the Forest | Decoder
https://youtu.be/7kHZ0a_6TxY

National Geographic
https://www.youtube.com/natgeo

ORFC Global 2021 Session

Communities globally are facing unprecedented strain from climate collapse, soil degradation and commercial pressures. However, a return to older varieties of crops vital to the health and wellbeing of growers and their communities has presented a promising and enriching path forward. Drawing from grassroots experiences around the world from farmers in South Africa, China, and Wales this session explores the opportunities our heritage grains present to us to reconnect with more resilient, diverse crops and vibrant traditions through a discussion of millet, rice, and oats and the people who grow them. Although climates, conditions, and situations may differ, the growers offer universal advice on reviving connections to these life-giving grains and aim to inspire similar action in other communities.

Speakers:
Method Gundidza
Gerald Miles
Zhengxi Yang

Chair:
Sinéad Fortune

#ORFCGlobal​
https://orfc.org.uk/

Africa's Largest Dam: Geopolitics of the Nile

The dam is at the center of Ethiopia’s bid to become Africa’s biggest power exporter. Economic growth in Ethiopia, which is Africa’s second-most populous nation, has been stifled by a lack of electricity. Industry revenues are decimated by the nightmare of daily, unpredictable power cuts. The dam’s power will also help with similar problems in Sudan, Kenya and Djibouti, all of which are connected to Ethiopia’s grid and will begin importing power from it in the coming years. Long but futile negotiations over the years have left Egypt and Ethiopia and their neighbor Sudan short of an agreement to regulate how Ethiopia will operate the dam and fill its reservoir.

Egypt, which is Africa’s third-most populous nation, relies on the Nile for more than 90% of its fresh water supplies and wants a legally binding treaty on how Ethiopia can use the Blue Nile’s waters. With the construction of the Dam (GERD) underway, a complex trans boundary water situation is at hand: the GERD is nearing completion, with no specific agreement yet on water sharing or reservoir operations. The dam can capture more than the average annual flow and can thus dramatically change the river’s flow. Although most Nile waters originate in Ethiopia, nearly all use occurs downstream in Egypt and Sudan. Egypt, fearing major disruptions to its access to the Nile’s waters, originally intended to prevent even the start of the GERD’s construction. In fact, Egypt has called the filling of the dam an existential threat. At this point, though, the GERD is nearly completed, and so Egypt has shifted its position to trying to secure a political agreement over the timetable for filling the GERD’s reservoir and how the dam will be managed, particularly during droughts. Thus the Geopolitics of the Nile has been a hot topic.

Sudan is caught between the competing interests of Egypt and Ethiopia. Although Khartoum initially opposed the construction of the GERD, it has since warmed up to it, citing its potential to improve prospects for domestic development. Nevertheless, Khartoum continues to fear that the operation of the GERD could threaten the safety of Sudan’s own dams and make it much more difficult for the government to manage its own development projects.

Africa is a continent where borders can get pretty complicated. The main reason for this is the colonial era where European nations divided the continent into spheres of influence by literally drawing the national borders as guided by their interests leaving some countries with peculiar national borders.

That’s why you will find some countries with clearly defined shapes while others not so much. Today we zoom in on some of Africa’s most egregious examples of border weirdness.

⁣Namibia Disapproves Israel's AU Observer Status | 29 July 2021

⁣Namibia on Haiti, Afrikan Diaspora & AU - 3 Oct 2019

Researchers have offered a chemical explanation for sex change in a tropical fish. ↓↓More info and references below↓↓

For a tropical fish called the bluehead wrasse, sex isn’t always permanent. When a group of the fish loses its dominant male, the biggest female rapidly changes sex, taking on distinctive male coloring and producing mature sperm in as little as 8 days. Although this change is well documented, the molecular mechanisms that drive it have remained unclear. Now, an international group of researchers has offered a chemical explanation for the transformation after analyzing tissue samples from transitioning fish.

Read more:

Stress, novel sex genes, and epigenetic reprogramming orchestrate socially controlled sex change | Science Advances
https://advances.sciencemag.or....g/content/5/7/eaaw70

Music: “English Country Garden” by Aaron Kenny.

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