Thirty-five years ago string theory took physics by storm, promising the coveted unified theory of nature’s forces that Einstein valiantly sought but never found. In the intervening decades, string theory has brought a collection of mind-boggling possibilities into the lexicon of mainstream thinking—extra dimensions of space, holographic worlds, and multiple universes. Some researchers view these developments as symptoms of string theory having lost its way. Others argue that string theory, although very much still a work in progress, is revealing stunning new qualities of reality. Join leading minds in theoretical physics for a whirlwind ride through the twists and turns of string theory—its past, its future, and what it tells us about the search for the universe’s final theory.

PARTICIPANTS: Marcelo Gleiser, Michael Dine, Andrew Strominger

MODERATOR: Brian Greene

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PARTICIPANTS: https://www.worldsciencefestiv....al.com/programs/loos

This program is part of the BIG IDEAS SERIES, made possible with support from the JOHN TEMPLETON FOUNDATION.

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TOPICS
0:00 - Introduction
3:54 - Program introduction
5:40 - Marcelo Gleiser introduction
6:26 - Unification of electricity and magnetism
10:30 - Unification of space and time
13:49 - Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity
18:38 - Standard model of particle physics
21:56 - Supersymmetry
26:14 - The Island of Knowledge
32:01 - Godel’s Incompleteness Theorems
34:27 - String Theory explainer film
37:07 - Michael Dine introduction
38:35 - Supersymmetry and the spectrum of particles
42:18 - Large Hadron Collider
44:57 - Extra dimensions of space
50:34 - Dark energy and multiple universes
56:40 - Progress since the 1980s and the future of particle physics
59:55 - Andrew Strominger introduction
1:00:53 - Einstein and black holes
1:03:59 - The black hole information paradox
1:07:30 - Stephen Hawking’s insights into black holes
1:12:00 - Using string theory to understand black holes
1:19:33 - Conformal symmetry
1:22:48 - Andrew Strominger’s view of string theory

CREDITS
- Produced by Laura Dattaro
- Associate Produced by Peter Goldberg
- Editing and Animation by Josh Zimmerman
- Music provided by APM
- Additional images and footage provided by: Getty Images, Shutterstock, Videoblocks, Event Horizon Telescope
- Recorded at NYU Skirball Center

Paul Andersen explains how populations eventually reach a carrying capacity in logistic growth. He begins with a brief discussion of population size ( N ), growth rate ( r ) and exponential growth. He then explains how density dependent limiting factors eventually decrease the growth rate until a population reaches a carrying capacity ( K ). A mathematical simulation of this process is included along with a brief discussion of r and K selected species.

Intro Music Atribution
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: http://www.freesound.org/peopl....e/CosmicD/sounds/725
Creative Commons Atribution License

All images are either Public Domain or Creative Commons Attribution Licenses:
"File:Frog in Frogspawn.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed April 19, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Frog_in_frogspaw
"File:Stress-coloured Brookesia Desperata Female with Two Recently Laid Eggs.png." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed April 19, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Stress-coloured_
Nevit. English: White Rabbit, 2011. Own work. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Rabbit_nev

Not everything that is true can be proven. This discovery transformed infinity, changed the course of a world war and led to the modern computer. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Special thanks to Prof. Asaf Karagila for consultation on set theory and specific rewrites, to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for reviews of earlier drafts, Prof. Toby ‘Qubit’ Cubitt for the help with the spectral gap, to Henry Reich for the helpful feedback and comments on the video.

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References:

Dunham, W. (2013, July). A Note on the Origin of the Twin Prime Conjecture. In Notices of the International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 63-65). International Press of Boston. — https://ve42.co/Dunham2013

Conway, J. (1970). The game of life. Scientific American, 223(4), 4. — https://ve42.co/Conway1970

Churchill, A., Biderman, S., Herrick, A. (2019). Magic: The Gathering is Turing Complete. ArXiv. — https://ve42.co/Churchill2019

Gaifman, H. (2006). Naming and Diagonalization, from Cantor to Godel to Kleene. Logic Journal of the IGPL, 14(5), 709-728. — https://ve42.co/Gaifman2006

Lénárt, I. (2010). Gauss, Bolyai, Lobachevsky–in General Education?(Hyperbolic Geometry as Part of the Mathematics Curriculum). In Proceedings of Bridges 2010: Mathematics, Music, Art, Architecture, Culture (pp. 223-230). Tessellations Publishing. — https://ve42.co/Lnrt2010

Attribution of Poincare’s quote, The Mathematical Intelligencer, vol. 13, no. 1, Winter 1991. — https://ve42.co/Poincare

Irvine, A. D., & Deutsch, H. (1995). Russell’s paradox. — https://ve42.co/Irvine1995

Gödel, K. (1992). On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems. Courier Corporation. — https://ve42.co/Godel1931

Russell, B., & Whitehead, A. (1973). Principia Mathematica [PM], vol I, 1910, vol. II, 1912, vol III, 1913, vol. I, 1925, vol II & III, 1927, Paperback Edition to* 56. Cambridge UP. — https://ve42.co/Russel1910

Gödel, K. (1986). Kurt Gödel: Collected Works: Volume I: Publications 1929-1936 (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press, USA. — https://ve42.co/Godel1986

Cubitt, T. S., Perez-Garcia, D., & Wolf, M. M. (2015). Undecidability of the spectral gap. Nature, 528(7581), 207-211. — https://ve42.co/Cubitt2015

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Derek Muller, Adam Becker and Jonny Hyman
Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Iván Tello and Jonny Hyman
Math City Animation by Another Angle 3D Visuals (www.anotherangle.ee)
Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Edited by Derek Muller
Music and SFX by Jonny Hyman Additional Music from Epidemic Sound
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Thumbnail by Geoff Barrett
Associate Producers: Petr Lebedev and Emily Zhang

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This edition of #JournalistsHangout discusses the abduction of students in Kebbi state and other security challenges.

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Yvan Sagnet from Cameroon is battling modern slavery in Italy's agricultural sector. Sagnet once worked as a low-wage farmhand. Now he is fighting for the rights of seasonal farmworkers, taking criminal recruiters, or gangmasters, to court.

Yvan Sagnet calls them slaves: the hundreds of thousands of seasonal farmworkers from Africa and eastern Europe on Italy's fields. Without their labor the country would have no tomato, orange or olive harvest. But the workers are exploited and often forced to live under inhumane conditions in ruins or shanty towns called ghettos. In 2011 Sagnet himself briefly picked tomatoes on the fields near the southern Italian town of Nardò. For four days he labored to fill the 350-kilogram crates. He earned 14 euros a day, ten of which he had to hand over to the gangmaster, or Caporale, for transport and water. Caporale is the term for the criminal recruiters who control and exploit the workers. After a 14-hour day working under the blazing sun and even being beaten, Sagnet took home only four euros. He helped to organize the first strike among the farmhands. It was a success, and since then he has been an activist for the rights of the farmworkers and against the gangmasters. Despite death threats, he has set up an organization called NoCap, a label to certify produce farmed under ethically acceptable conditions. And he has taken his fight against exploitation and slavery to the courts. So far, the Italian justice system has responded slowly. It's a fight that will take a long time to win.

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