Deep in central Mali, what was supposed to be harvest season for villagers has become a season of starvation, death and destruction.Mali's health ministry says so far hundreds of people have died from what it describes as a man-made famine, as farmers and herders fight over land.It is an ancestral conflict that takes place at the height of the dry season between the Dogon, who are traditional farmers and hunters, and the Fulani, the semi-nomadic herders of the Sahel.

The Dogon accuse the Fulani of overstepping on their farmland to feed their animals, while the Fulani accuse the Dogon of killing and stealing their cattle. And now they are killing each other.In one of the worst attacks, 160 Fulani villagers were killed in Ogossagou in March. Mamadou Togo, the chief representative of Mali's Dogon people, tells Al Jazeera the attack was not perpetrated by Dogon hunters. He says the Dogon have not attacked any Fulani villages, despite there being tensions between the two communities.However, he admits that "when other people come and attack the Dogon, they retaliate"."We cannot sit and watch people come and kill us and go back without anything. We said no, this is intolerable," he says. "When you come to kill me and I'm not dead, for instance, if I can I will kill you."

The two sides both accuse the other of being the aggressor.Mahmoud Dicko, a Fulani and a powerful leader of the High Islamic Council, blames the mutual mistrust on outside interference."I am convinced that there are other invisible, obscure forces that are planning to destabilise the entire subregion. And to succeed in this destabilisation, it is necessary to create a war between the different ethnic groups," he says.The violence is not limited to Mali, either. In neighbouring Sahelian countries, Fulanis have been in conflict with other tribes as well. Fuelling this conflict are armed groups - including al-Qaeda and Islamic State affiliates - who are stepping in and taking sides.

Some have been fighting in the war in Libya."This crisis in the centre of Mali started from the occupation of northern Mali by terrorist groups [in 2012]," says Tiebile Drame, the Malian minister of foreign affairs. "The Malian crisis is directly linked to the situation in Libya, to the collapse of Libya in 2011."Since 2013, the United Nations peacekeeping mission MINUSMA has been operating in Mali. There are currently 14,000 UN troops - among them British, Canadian and German soldiers - as well as 4,000 French combat troops and regional G5 Sahel forces in the country.Despite this, the violence is spreading, and spiralling out of control.Insurgent and rebel groups also directly target security forces, launching suicide attacks and car bombings.

MINUSMA is now the deadliest UN peacekeeping mission, with more UN troops dying in Mali than anywhere else, or at any time before. This also adds to the feeling shared by many Malians that the security forces are not a source of protection but a source of danger.Nevertheless, the $1bn a year MINUSMA mission has been renewed for another year, while Mali's government is calling for the creation of a coalition force like the ones seen in Iraq and Afghanistan to intervene in Mali.But the Dogon and Fulani leaders we spoke to are both sceptical about outside actors.

Dogon leader Togo believes France profits from the instability in the country, saying Mali's former colonial master "wants to recolonise again this country because of the wealth underground".Meanwhile, Fulani leader Dicko says the UN mission and international community are failing Mali, spending billions of dollars "for their own comfort"."I say to leave us alone, to leave the Sahelians between us," he says. "We are brothers, we have lived together for millennia. We have a mechanism to settle things between us. If we are left alone, we ourselves will find a solution to this problem."To examine who profits from Mali's state of instability, and how the violence can be brought to an end, Talk to Al Jazeera In The Field meets Dogon and Fulani leaders to try to understand this complex conflict.

Subscribe to our channel: http://aje.io/AJ
Check our website: https://www.aljazeera.com/

An Official Visit of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa to the United state of America on invitation from US president John F Kennedy.

The climate of the Sahara was completely different thousands of years ago. And we’re not talking about just a few years of extra rain. We’re talking about a climate that was so wet for so long that animals and humans alike made themselves at home in the middle of the Sahara. Big thanks to Fabrizio De Rossi for the reconstructions of the Sahara past and present. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudiosSuper special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:Anthony Callaghan, Anton Bryl, Jeff Graham, shelley floryd, Laura Sanborn, Henrik Peteri, Zachary Spencer, Chandler Bass, Richard Ohnemus, Joao Ascensao, Andrey, Ben Thorson, Marcus Lejon, Ilya Murashov, Nathan Paskett, Jerrit Erickson, Merri Snaidman, David Sewall, Gabriel Cortez, Jack Arbuckle, Kevin Griffin, Robert Noah, Philip Slingerland, Todd Dittman, James Bording, Eric Vonk, Robert Arévalo, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Jon Monteiro, Missy Elliott Smith, Jonathan Wright, Gregory Donovan, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, PS, Maria Humphrey, Larry Wilson, Hubert Rady, John Vanek, Tsee Lee, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Matt Parker, Tyson Cleary, Case Hill, Stefan Weber, Betsy Radley

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshowTwitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshowInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/

References: https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1xYQFzEJ4iJEey2

Geoff Lawton provides a brief overview of what Permaculture is.

Wangari Maathai was the founder of the Green Belt Movement and the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. She was born in Nyeri, a rural area of Kenya. Professor Maathai was internationally acknowledged for her struggle for democracy, human rights, and environmental conservation, and served on the board of many organisations. She addressed the UN on a number of occasions and spoke on behalf of women at special sessions of the General
Assembly during the five-year review of the Earth Summit. In recognition of her deep commitment to the environment, the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General named her a UN Messenger of Peace in December 2009, with a focus on the environment and climate change. For more information on these interviews as well as more interviews: http://www.treemedia.com/#!11t....h-hour-research-tape

00:00 Baayo
05:41 Fanta
11:33 Farba
19:42 Iyango
27:12 Koni (Electric Guitar – Ernest Ranglin)
36:33 Africans Unite (Yolela)
44:46 Cherie
51:44 Bamba

Baaba Maal is one of the finest singers in the world, and he's currently on brilliant live form - as shown by those memorable impromptu collaborations with anyone from Toumani Diabate to Franz Ferdinand at the Africa Express shows. Yet he hasn't recorded a new album for seven years, which presumably explains this limited-edition retrospective acoustic live set. It's taken from performances over the past 10 years, many featuring the exquisite kora work of the late Kaouding Cissoko, and includes some impressive tracks, from that lyrical favourite Baayo to a hypnotic, improvised workout on the harsh-edged Farba, previously only released on cassette in Africa. Then there's the gently charming, kora-backed Fanta, the well-worn and more slushy Cherie, and a virtuoso collaboration with Jamaican guitar hero Ernest Ranglin on Koni, which they performed together on Maal's last live recording, nine years ago. It's currently available only on vinyl or as a download from baabamaal.tv, but is well worth checking out as we wait for something new. Those Africa Express collaborations would make a great start.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Baaba Maal has partnered with charity: water to reissue his critically acclaimed album, The Traveller. All proceeds go towards bringing clean, safe drinking water to people in developing countries. Download here: https://lnk.to/BaabaMaal-CharityWaterID

The reissue exclusively features a new 50-minute documentary of his annual Blues Du Fleuve Festival in Senegal as well as a 12-minute short film featuring Baaba performing acoustically and talking about his involvement with the charity.

View the full 50 minute documentary, and receive a download of Baaba’s album “The Traveller” with a contribution to charity: water via this link: https://lnk.to/BaabaMaal-CharityWaterID

--------------------------------------------------------------------


Subscribe : http://goo.gl/BV2SJb
Like our Facebook page : https://goo.gl/Fu74E1
Follow Us on Twitter : https://goo.gl/uv8zdj
Visit our website : http://goo.gl/LaHHZt

The Palm Channel will present some of the highlights from our catalogue, an eclectic mix of original short films, interviews from our archives exploring the roots and branches of Jamaican music, and much more.

Created by Island Records founder Chris Blackwell (Bob Marley, U2, Grace Jones etc.). Palm Pictures has always pushed musical boundaries and encouraged unlikely collaborations. Since the late 90's it has been a leader in the convergence of music and film, producing and distributing music documentaries, arthouse & foreign cinema, and music videos.

Could refugees be the solution to saving struggling towns?

A year ago the small rural community of Mingoola on the New South Wales-Queensland border was facing a bleak future. Meanwhile in Western Sydney, refugee advocate Emmanuel Musoni saw problems affecting people in his community who’d come from war-ravaged countries of central Africa.

When they were put in contact late last year, they saw a solution to both their problems; a model many now believe could be used to help struggling rural communities across the country.

You can read more about Mingoola's social experiment here: http://ab.co/2feKGwb

_________________________________________________________________________________________

About Australian Story:
Putting the "real" back into reality television, Australian Story is an award-winning documentary series with no narrator and no agendas — just authentic stories told entirely in people's own words. Take 30 minutes to immerse yourself in the life of an extraordinary Australian. They're sometimes high profile, sometimes controversial, but always compelling. It’s television guaranteed to make you think and feel. New episodes are available every Monday

Subscribe to us on YouTube: http://ab.co/1svxLVE
Follow Australian Story on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ABCAustralia...
Or even Twitter: https://twitter.com/AustralianStory

⁣How to prune - Canopy management for Mango.

Somalia's modern history is a tale of independence, prosperity and democracy in the 1960s, military dictatorship in the 1970s and 1980s - followed by a desperate decline into civil war and chaos almost ever since.

The effect of the war has been to scatter the Somali people in their millions to refugee camps and neighbouring countries - and in their hundreds of thousands to the UK, Canada and the United States.

Somalia gained independence from Britain and Italy in 1960. It held free and fair elections and was ruled democratically from 1960 to 1969.

Once labelled the "Switzerland of Africa", Somalia enjoyed almost a decade of democracy. The first elected president of Somalia, uniting the former British and Italian territories, was Adam Abdullah Osman who reigned for seven years. He was succeeded, freely and peacefully, by Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke.

Sharmarke, however, was assassinated by one of his own bodyguards in 1969.

Speaker of the Somali Parliament Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein took over, but his brief, six-day tenure was cut short by a military coup led by General Siad Barre, ending Somalia's period of democratic government.

Whatever its faults - and there were many - Barre's 22-year rule effectively created modern Somalia, building one of Africa's strongest armies and massively improving the literacy of the population.

Yet Barre, who gained the support of the US and the Soviet Union, the superpowers of the day, also dissolved parliament, suspended the constitution, banned political parties, arrested politicians and curbed press freedom.

"From then, there was a downward trend. In everything. A disintegration. And every time things were going down, the military regime was becoming more brutal and more dictatorial," says Jama Mohamed Ghalib, a former Somali government minister.

But when Barre launched the Ogaden war in 1977 to take the Somali majority region from Ethiopia, it provoked serious international opposition, including that of the Soviet Union which had once supported Barre but now sided with Ethiopia. The Somali army was forced to withdraw.

But the other long-lasting outcome was civil war, with myriad competing factions and frequent intervention by foreign powers and neighbouring countries.

In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union split into several factions, one of which was Al Shabab. The radical group still controls large parts of the south of the country today.

- Subscribe to our channel: http://aje.io/AJSubscribe
- Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/AJEnglish
- Find us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aljazeera
- Check our website: http://www.aljazeera.com/

#AlJazeera #SomalianHistory #AlJazeeraWorld

⁣Diamonds from Guinea - Documentary of Patrick Voillot

This film takes you on a dangerous and perilous adventure, penetrating a region Conakry,⁣ Guinea which is on the borders of Liberia and Sierra Leone.This region, frequently traversed by armed militia, is extremely rich in diamonds of great value since sixty percent of them can be utilized in jewelry.The diamonds are extracted in an artisanal fashion near a town called Banankoro, where the religious fervour of its inhabitants is equaled only by their passion for diamonds and its trade.You will see the bitter transactions between the miners and their bosses referred to in this country as « mastar ».You will follow the collectors on their dangerous route taking the precious stones to Conakry.You will participate in the tough negotiations between the transporters and the merchants of the capital city. All this takes place in a tense atmosphere under heavy armed protection, when thousands of carats will pass before your eyes.The final destination of these diamonds is Antwerp. You will get a rare chance to see the “Rainbow Collection” belonging to Eddy Elsas, consisting of dozens of coloured diamonds.Then in London you will learn the secrets of the De Beers building, one of the best protected places in the world, through which transits more than half of the world’s production of diamonds.The jeweler Mouawad will let you into his world to show you his famous diamonds whose prices defy belief - several million dollars – and in particular a handbag fully inlaid with white and pink diamonds, unique in the world.