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Travel Deep Inside a Leaf - Annotated Version | California Academy of Sciences Ambakisye-Okang Dukuzumurenyi 23 Views • 5 years ago

Please turn on subtitles with the CC (Closed Captions) button to see the explanatory annotations designed for educators.

Transcript of closed captions:

0:05: We are approaching a redwood tree. To animate a scientifically accurate leaf, artists studied the texture of a redwood leaf specimen on a glass slide at high resolution. They even counted the stomata, and used that exact count for this film!

0:25: These leaves would be measured on a centimeter scale. Throughout the animation, we will gradually zoom in to smaller scales.

0:40: As we approach a single stoma, we are now on a millimeter scale.

0:48: As we enter the interior of the leaf, we see many individual palisade cells. These cells are where photosynthesis takes place; they are translucent to allow sunlight to enter.

1:00: As we approach a single palisade cell, we’ll zoom down to the micrometer scale. The shapes inside the cell are organelles: the bright globules at the bottom are the Golgi apparatus; the yellow spotted tubes are endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

1:09: That large, blue membrane surrounds the nucleus; the purple blobs are mitochondria.

1:18: The faint, yellow, spider-web structure of the cytoskeleton provides structure and support to the cell.

1:24: You are about to enter a chloroplast; inside you see flat, pancake-like membranous structures called thylakoids. This is where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place to produce ATP, the cell’s energy carrier molecule. way

1:38: The time scale has changed: the molecules are shown moving 1 million times slower than in real life!

1:42: As we near an individual thylakoid, the animation scale continues to shrink down to the molecular level, where things are measured in nanometers.

1:52: The green and blue bush-like structures are photosystems: clusters of proteins that absorb light energy from the sun and help convert it into the chemical energy that’s stored in the bonds of the energy carrier molecule called ATP.

2:03: The yellow-green, rotating structure is an enzyme called ATP synthase. This molecular machine facilitates the flow of protons down their concentration gradient from one side of the thylakoid membrane to the other, using the energy released in the process to assemble ATP.

2:16: The pulses of light in the thylakoid membrane in which the photosystems are embedded represent energized electrons being passed from one photosystem to another, passing along the energy which will be stored in the bonds of ATP (the classic “bucket brigade”).

2:26: The small “wigglies” are ATP molecules. Living things store energy in the bonds of the ATP molecules and then use that energy to conduct all the processes of life.

This animation is a model, and has its strengths and limitations. In order to model something well, visual artists have to make decisions about what to represent and how best to do so. What’s present in this model, and what’s intentionally missing or altered? Find out by visiting https://www.calacademy.org/edu....cators/travel-deep-i
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The California Academy of Sciences is a renowned scientific and educational institution dedicated to exploring, explaining, and sustaining life on Earth. Based in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, it's the only place in the world to house an aquarium, planetarium, rainforest, and natural history museum—plus cutting-edge research programs—all under one living roof.

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Borehole drilling and Farm Setup - Nigeria | 29 Apr 2021 Ambakisye-Okang Dukuzumurenyi 23 Views • 5 years ago

Borehole drilling and Farm Setup in Nigeria. Procedure to water borehole drilling and Farm Setup in Nigeria may be different from other countries. Swampy areas are more costly to drill. Mobile Fish ponds Production is also easy with us. As a matter of fact, Fish Tarpaulin ponds production for fish farming is produce here in Nigeria for you. we produce any type of fish Tarpaulin Ponds for your fish farming business. All you need to do is to say what size you want. Is as good as done. Other phases, includes; Mobile Fish Ponds Construction; Joining Rods or Pipes Together. Chris Farms Nigeria on Tarpaulin Mobile Fish Ponds Construction; Joining Rods or Pipes Together. Oftentimes, left over pipes or rods are joined together to minimize waste in the pond construction plant. One important thing is to join them in a straight line to encourage balance.

How to construct the base bottom
The stand has a square shaped base for standing. This Square base can be cut from a plate. The pipe is then place on the squared cut plate and welded together.

How to construct the middle supporting stands;
Once you have welded the 4ft stand on the square cut plate, you will cut and weld 1inch ¾ inches pipe on the two opposite side of your pipe. This will enable you support the length of the rod at the middle to reduce the length tension on both ends of the pipe.

How to construct the 4 edge of the stands
Firstly, measure the height of your desired angle base with the length of your stand. If you are using 2inches pipe for instance, your angle base will be 1.5inches. So, cut off 2 or 1.5inches from your 4ft long pipe. This is done to balance the total length to be 4ft long. Then, weld an angle of 900 with your 1.5inches pipe. It will look like a V-shape. Furthermore, place your V-shape 1.5inches pipe on top of the 2inches pipe and weld together. You have to weld 4 different pipes to cover up for the four edges. Finally, weld your cut out square base plate, to give it a total balance on the ground.

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