📜 The First Opium War - Part 1 - Extra History
In 1792, Great Britain had just come out of an expensive war that cost them their control over many of their colonies in North America. Other wars had also cost them their access to the silver mines of South America, which had been helping fund so much of their trade with the Qing Dynasty of China. European traders all wanted greater access to China, but the Emperor was wary of letting outsiders too far into his country and kept them all penned up at the port of Canton, which was strictly regulated by the Hong business group. A flourishing blackmarket trade grew, but Britain wanted more. One trader, acting on his own initiative, grew bold enough to approach Beijing and attempt to get a hearing over his trade grievances, but the Chinese considered this a huge breach of protocol and an offense to the Emperor. Britain had to do something, however: they imported over 10 million pounds of tea each year, equal to 10% of the government's annual spending, and the fact that China did not have anywhere near as great an interest in British products meant that they were running an enormous trade deficit they could no longer sustain. The Crown appointed an official envoy, Earl George Macartney, with orders to end the Canton system, establish an embassy, and acquire rights to an island that would be under British control in the same way that the Portuguese controlled Macao. The mission failed spectacularly. Although Macartney got permission to sail north and meet the Qianlong Emperor in his summer palace at Jehol, he refused to perform the traditional kowtow which was required upon meeting the Emperor. He presented gifts from the British court, but the Chinese interpreted these gifts as tribute, not trade enticements, and decided they had no need for nor interest in what he offered. Since he failed to get them to agree to any of his three requests, Britain wanted to find another way to address the trade imbalance with China. Soon, this would lead them to start bringing in opium.

Learn about the disastrous Macartney Embassy that tried and failed to improve British trade relations with China: http://bit.ly/28Ro4B1

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*Miss an episode in our Opium War Series?*
Part 1 - https://youtu.be/fgQahGsYokU
Part 2 - https://youtu.be/qHmuuc7m1AA
Part 3 - https://youtu.be/jAjUqwauf-A
Part 4 - https://youtu.be/s9WRmsHFUg0
Series Wrap-up & Lies Episode - https://youtu.be/v9beMOxGOrk
♪ "Waning Moon" by Sean and Dean Kiner - Available on Patreon! - https://youtu.be/BeBeJnqk6V0

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Artist: Lilienne Chan I Writer: James Portnow I Voice: Daniel Floyd I Editor: Carrie Floyd I ♪ Extra History Theme by Demetori: http://bit.ly/1EQA5N7

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📜 The First Opium War - Part 2 - Extra History
The tea trade flowing from China had left the British government in staggering debt. They had loaned huge amounts to the Honourable East India Company (EIC) to conquer India, and to pay their debts, the EIC turned that land into poppy fields and manufactured opium in huge quantities. Since China had banned the opium trade, the EIC set up a market in Calcutta (part of their Indian territory) and turned a blind eye to the black market traders who smuggled it into China. By 1839, over 6.6 million pounds of opium were being smuggled into China every year. The Chinese DaoGuang Emperor appointed an upright official named Lin Zexu to halt this opium trade. Lin orchestrated a massive campaign to arrest opium traders, force addicts into rehab, and confiscate pipes. He even laid siege to British warehouses when the merchants refused to turn over their opium supply, instead taking it all by force and burning it. The outraged merchants sought redress from their government, but although the Chief Superintendant Charles Elliot promised them restitution, the government never had any intention of paying them back. Amid the unrest, two British sailors brutally murdered a Chinese man. Lin Zexu demanded their extradition, but Elliot insisted on trying them aboard his ship and sentencing them himself. Lin Zexu had enough. He halted the British food supply and ordered the Portuguese to eject them from Macau. They retreated to a barren island off the coast (now known as Hong Kong). Since the island could not support them, Elliot petitioned the Chinese to sell them food again. He received no response. Then he sent men to collect it directly, but on their way back they were halted by the Chinese navy, and the first engagement of the Opium Wars began.

Learn about the disastrous Macartney Embassy that tried and failed to improve British trade relations with China: http://bit.ly/28Ro4B1

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*Miss an episode in our Opium War Series?*
Part 1 - https://youtu.be/fgQahGsYokU
Part 2 - https://youtu.be/qHmuuc7m1AA
Part 3 - https://youtu.be/jAjUqwauf-A
Part 4 - https://youtu.be/s9WRmsHFUg0
Series Wrap-up & Lies Episode - https://youtu.be/v9beMOxGOrk
♪ "Waning Moon" by Sean and Dean Kiner - Available on Patreon! - https://youtu.be/BeBeJnqk6V0

Thanks for the high-quality conversations & for following our community guidelines here: https://bit.ly/ECFansRNice

Artist: Lilienne Chan I Writer: James Portnow I Voice: Daniel Floyd I Editor: Carrie Floyd I ♪ Extra History Theme by Demetori: http://bit.ly/1EQA5N7

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The murder rate in South Africa is at a 20-year high.

According to the latest annual statistics, more than 27,000 people were killed in a year but only 12% of cases were solved.

Security van heists and robberies are also a serious problem, with many people relying on private security instead of police.

Minister for the police, Bheki Cele, said the government was getting "on top of things".

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It's hard to believe but silver was at one time worth more than gold. China used silver as their currency and the West had to pay in silver for Chinese goods. This angered the British and so they sought a commodity that the Chinese would be forced to buy. China did not covet any goods that the West had except one: Opium.

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China's lust for silver helped establish their formidable economic position on the global stage. However, Western powers were reluctant to engage in silver trade and in their search for an alternative avenue they discovered something that would change history forever: Opium. As opium surged throughout the nation, it brought forth multifaceted societal issues, ultimately fueling the harrowing Opium Wars. These conflicts marked the onset of a devastating "Century of Humiliation" for China, leaving an indelible mark on its history and global standing

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BBC Africa Eye investigates the rise of xenophobia in South Africa and the violent targeting of migrants.

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A network of anti-migrant groups is emerging across South Africa, spreading anti-migrant rhetoric and even attacking migrant communities. The groups blame illegal migrants for the state of the country’s economy, lack of housing and an explosion of drug abuse. But their critics accuse them of being violent vigilantes, who target some of the country’s most vulnerable people.

#bbcafricaeye reporter Ayanda Charlie gains rare access to Operation Dudula, South Africa’s most notorious anti-migrant group. Dudula say they are standing up for ordinary South Africans who have been let down by the government and deny allegations that they are a vigilante group who preach a doctrine of violence. As she takes to the street with Dudula members, Charlie not only hears xenophobic rhetoric but also witnesses small business owners from neighbouring countries being physically threatened, forced to hand over their business, and hears how Dudula intend to establish a political party to contest South Africa’s upcoming general election.

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Africa Eye brings you original, investigative journalism revealing secrets and rooting out injustice in the world’s most complex and exciting continent. Nothing stays hidden forever.
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#southafrica #operationdudula #xenophobia #migrants credits:
Reporter - Ayanda Charlie
Filmed and directed by Nick Blakemore
Africa Eye Editor - Tom Watson
Head of Longform - Liz Gibbons
Executive Producer - Peter Murimi
Film Editor - Amanda Gunn
Producer - Jane Lipman
Location Producer - Golden Mtika
Production Manager - Simon Frost
Online Editor - Chris Stott
Dubbing Mixer - Jez Spencer
Colourist - Boyd Nagle
Reversioning Producer - Anna Payton
Social Media Producer - Anusha Kumar
Impact Producer - Adelle Kalakouti
Digital Producer - Tamasin Ford
Production Coordinator - Izzy Fleming, Abigail Knight
Translator - Fezokuhle Mthonti

***
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The ANC has ruled South Africa for 30 years. The party once stood for the end of apartheid. But many voters want change before the 2024 elections.

Nolutahndo Hassamo has also become disillusioned with the ANC. Most of all, she holds the government responsible for the widespread poverty. In Johannesburg she's been taking to the streets to demonstrate for safe and affordable housing. Social inequality is also one of the main points of criticism raised by the new social democratic party RISE Mzansi, together with the country’s rising crime rate. Other parties blame foreigners for all of the country's problems and are calling for deportations. The ANC can still hope to win the upcoming election - but discontent is growing in South Africa. A report by Stefan Möhl.

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