Imagine transforming barren and empty landscapes into abundant food forests, layered with mangoes, legumes, garlic, herbs and corn.

SwaYYam in South India is doing just this by using agroforestry and alley cropping to revitalise soils, produce an abundance of crops and educate local farmers.

Agroforestry and alley cropping allow multiple crops to be stacked in one space, with tree crops providing shelter for low-lying plants and holding water in the soil with their roots. Fast growing biomass plants are used as groundcover and then as a mulch to feed the soil. Nitrogen-fixers make nitrogen available in the soil for other plants and a range of crops are grown for year-round food.

Swales and ploughing on the contour work with the land's orientation to maximise water capture. Deep irrigation and pitcher irrigation take water deep to the roots of trees, especially young sapling plantings.

SwaYYAm and their educational centre, Open Shell Farm, enables local farmers to learn regenerative farming methods, helping them create their own sustainable incomes through healthy soils and bountiful harvests.

SwaYYAm is a recipient of the 2020 Permaculture Magazine Prize: https://www.permaculture.co.uk..../articles/2020-perma

Malvikaa from SwaYYam shares the story of the project and some of their techniques in PM108: https://www.permaculture.co.uk/issue/summer-2021

Please visit the Center for Agroforestry (www.centerforagroforestry.org) on YouTube:https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCUOh8LRAf21gW2dt3 Practices - Alley Cropping - Center for Agroforestry 2004 - DVD AF1008 - University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry. Noncommercial use only, video used with permission. In alley cropping, an agricultural crop is grown simultaneously with a long-term tree crop to provide annual income while the tree crop matures. Fine hardwoods like walnut, oak, ash and pecan are favored species in alley cropping systems and can potentially provide high value lumber or veneer logs. Learn how nut crops can be another intermediate product and see examples of successful alley cropping practices.

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The Story of the Devishes (Daraawiishtii) and Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan.

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Following the Spanish-American War, the United States foreign policy, under the influence of the Monroe Doctrine, intervened in several countries in Central America and the Caribbean. The United States Marine Corps was usually the military arm of these involvements as was the case in Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

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Bauduy, Jennifer, “The 1915 U.S. Invasion of Haiti: Examining a Treaty of Occupation” Social Education 79 (2015)

Castor, Suzy & Garafola, Lynn, “The American Occupation of Haiti (1915-34) and the Dominican Republic (1916-24)” The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 15, No. 1/2, Caliban (Winter - Spring, 1974)

Gilderhus, Mark T, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2000)

Johnson, Jeannie L. The Marines, Counterinsurgency, and Strategic Culture: Lessons Learned and Lost in America's Wars, (Washington D.C. : Georgetown University Press, 2018)

Langley, Lester D, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2002)

Langley, Lester D, The United States and the Caribbean, 1900-1970, (Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia Press, 1980)

Perez, Louis A., Jr. Intervention, Revolution, and Politics in Cuba, 1913-1921, (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009)

Posner, Walter H. “American Marines in Haiti, 1915-1922” The Americas, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Jan., 1964)

Schreadley, R. L. Intervention! : the Americans in Haiti, 1915-1934, (Charleston, South Carolina : Evening Post Books, 2017)

Yates, Lawrence A, “The US Military’s Experience in Stability Operations, 1789-2005”, Global War on Terrorism Occasional Paper 15, Title 1, Series 2, (2006)


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The Somali Dervish movement was a thorn in the British colonial side for 20 years starting at the beginning of the 20th century. The leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan was able to resist military expeditions and establish his own proto-state in the region.

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» SOURCES
Berhe, Simona. “Colonies (Italy) (Version 1.1)” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2020-11-17.

Bosworth, Richard and Giuseppe Finaldi. “The Italian Empire,” in Empires at War 1911-1923, Robert Gerwarth and Ertez Manela, eds. (OUP, 2014): 34-52.

Chester Courant and Advertiser for North Wales. “Somalia Battle.” January 20, 1904.
Hess, Robert L. “The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia,” in The Journal of African History,
Vol. 5, No. 3 (1964): 415-433.

Jardine, Douglas. “The Mad Mullah of Somaliland” (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1923).

Sheikh-Abdi, Abdi. “Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan, 1856–1920” (London: Zed Books, 1992).

Zollmann, Jakob. „Ethiopia“ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2020-08-26


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16 DAYS IN BERLIN: https://realtimehistory.net/pages/16-days-in-berlin

»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Maps: Daniel Kogosov (https://www.patreon.com/Zalezsky)
Research by: Jesse Alexander
Fact checking: Florian Wittig

Channel Design: Yves Thimian

Contains licensed material by getty images
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2021