Banana Wars 1921 - US Occupation in Central America for A Fruit Company

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US involvement in Central America dated back to the first attempt to build the Panama Canal. And in accordance to the Monroe Doctrine was expanded in the 20th century too. US Marines took part in expeditions in Guatemala, Nicaragua and US naval power was a factor in many disputes like the Coto War between Costa Rica and Panama. With the rise of the United Fruit Company, the US domestic market also influenced decisions in the region.

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» SOURCES
Butler, Smedley, War is a Racket: The Antiwar Classic by America's Most Decorated Soldier, (Los Angeles, CA : Feral House, 2003)

Chapman, Peter, Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World, (Edinburgh : Canongate, 2007)

Colby, Elbridge, “The United States and the Coto Dispute between Panama and Costa Rica”, The Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Jan., 1922)

De La Pedraja Tomán, René, Wars of Latin America, 1899-1941, (Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., 2006)

Gilderhus, Mark T, The Second Century: U.S.- Latin American Relations Since 1889, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2000)

Harrison, Benjamin, “The United States and the 1909 Nicaragua Revolution”, Caribbean Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 3/4 (September-December 1995)

Langley, Lester D, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2002)

Leonard, Thomas M. “Search for Security: The United States and Central America in the Twentieth Century”, The Americas, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Apr., 1991)

Moberg, Mark & Striffler, Steve (eds.), Banana Wars: Power, Production and History in the Americas, (Durham, NC : Duke University Press, 2003)

Mobley, Scott, ““By the Force of Our Arms” William D. Leahy and the U.S. Intervention in Nicaragua, 1912”, Federal History, (2019)

Panama Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Controversia de Limites Entre Panama y Costa Rica, Tomo II, (Panama : Imprenta Nacional, 1921)

Schoultz, Lars, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy toward Latin America, (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University, 2003)


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