West Papua is one of the longest running independence movements in international politics. It is also one of the least known. For almost sixty years, the native Melanesian community has fought for independence from Indonesia. However, while the West Papua conflict is often thought of as a case of attempted secession, and is classed as such by most governments, it can also be thought of as a case of colonial self-determination.

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Although West New Guinea had been a part of the Dutch East Indies, it did not form a part of Indonesia when it became independent, in 1949. Instead it remained under the Netherlands, which argued that the Melanesian roots of the population meant it should have a separate right to statehood. However, over the following decade, the Indonesian Government exerted ever more pressure to have the territory put under its sovereignty. In the end, the Dutch capitulated. In 1962, the New York Agreement saw the creation of a temporary UN administration (UNTEA) over West New Guinea, or West Irian as it was also known, before it was passed on to Indonesia. As part of this agreement, a referendum was meant to have been held in 1969 to decide on whether West Papua would remain part of Indonesia or become independent. However, the eventual vote - the so-called Act of Free Choice - was deeply flawed. Despite this, the outcome was endorsed by the UN General Assembly. Since then, and against the backdrop of serious human rights abuses, West Papuan independence movement has campaigned and fought for another referendum. Although most of the world still regards the territory as part of Indonesia, it does seem that support is potentially growing.

CHAPTERS
0:00 Introduction and Titles
0:38 Secession, Self-Determination and West Papua
1:50 The Geography and Population of West Papua
2:47 The Historical Roots of the West Papua Dispute
4:25 How West Papua Became Part of Indonesia
6:02 West Papua under Indonesia Rule
7:35 The West Papua Independence Campaign since 2000
9:31 Emerging Tensions in West Papua
10:45 West Papua: Secession or Self-Determination?

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FURTHER READING & USEFUL SOURCES

New York Agreement (1962) https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/5170
UN Resolution 2504 (XXIV) 1969 https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/657429?ln=en
United Liberation Movement for West Papua https://www.ulmwp.org
Free West Papua Campaign https://www.freewestpapua.org
Indonesia Ministry of Foreign Affairs https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en
The Road: Uprising in West Papua https://amzn.to/3xCoKTn
West Papua and Indonesia Since Suharto https://amzn.to/3xxajjf

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Starting from scratch and some points to note. A guide for new beginners.

⁣President Paul Kagame has warned that it will be costly and complex for anyone with plans to destabilize Rwanda’s security and sovereignty. The Head of State made the remarks at the commissioning of 721 Rwanda Defence Force (RDF) Officer Cadets.The ceremony took place at the Rwanda Military Academy in Gako, Bugesera District.

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Victoria "Toya" Montou (died 1805) was a female soldier and freedom fighter in the army of Jean-Jacques Dessalines during the Haitian Revolution. Toya Montou was not the only woman to serve in the Haitian army during the revolution, other exceptions are Marie-Jeanne Lamartiniére, who served at the Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot in 1802, and Sanité Belair.
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Before the revolution, Montou had worked alongside Dessalines as a slave. She was described as intelligent and energetic, and shared a close relationship with Dessalines and the same hatred toward slavery. Although she is not related by blood, Dessalines always introduced her as his aunt and affectionately called her Mantou. Due to Dessalines' mother dying in childbirth and his father being sold to another plantation, she raised him and his two older brothers, Louis and Joseph Duclos, who would later adopt the last name Dessalines after Haiti's Independence.
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During the Haitian Revolution, she fought as a soldier in active service; on at least one documented occasion, she commanded soldiers in action during battle. In 1804, Dessalines became emperor. When Montou was dying, the emperor demanded the doctor to treat her as he would him, and stated that Toya was his aunt who had shared his feelings since before the revolution. She was given a state funeral with a procession of eight sergeants and Empress Marie-Claire Heureuse.
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#negritude #PanAfricanism #Haiti #Ayiti #Africa #Alkebulan  #colonialism #imperialism #jeanjacquesdessalines #bayyinahbello #HaitianRevolution✊🌍🌎✊▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃ In the video is Bayyinah Bello giving a brief description of Victoria Montou's life, and shaping the man who would become Haiti's greatest hero

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