In this video essay we take a deep dive into the enduring mystery of the African Humid Period or the Green Sahara. A period about 16,000-5,000 years ago when monsoonal rains brought a lush grassland to the Sahara Desert. We will be exploring the ancient civilizations that once called this land home as well as the biodiversity it once housed. All in an attempt to learn more about the mysterious and fascinating cultures that once existed in the Green Sahara.

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VIDEO CHAPTERS
00:00 Intro
03:53 Ghosts of the Green Sahara
05:20 The Cave of Swimmers
07:45 When The Sahara Was Green
15:46 Back In Time
24:33 The Kufra River
28:32 The Wadi Sahabi Paleoriver
34:22 Lake Mega Chad
40:17 Gobero Burials Reprise
53:49 Ghosts of the Monsoon
57:48 Thank You and Outro

CITATIONS
1: https://paulsereno.uchicago.ed....u/discoveries/people
2: https://www.bradshawfoundation.....com/africa/gilf_keb
3: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41219-4
4:https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/283719223
5: [https://comptes-rendus.academi....e-sciences.fr/geosci the plausible assumption that,2 between the Tibesti%2C Al](https://comptes-rendus.academi....e-sciences.fr/geosci%20the%20plausible%20assumption%20that,2%20between%20the%20Tibesti%2C%20Al)
6: https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
7:https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/279629642
8: https://www.researchgate.net/f....igure/Location-maps-

Tribute to Dr. Nathan Hare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hare

Hope you all enjoy!

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Abibifahodie!

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Check out our other journeys through geologic time here :
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLi6K9w_UbfF

After taking you on a journey through geologic time, we've arrived at the Cenozoic Era. Most of the mammals and birds that you can think of appeared during this era but perhaps more importantly, the Cenozoic marks the rise of organisms that look a lot like us.

Thanks to Sean Murtha for the wonderful illustration of Tsidiiyazhi. Check out more of Sean's work here: http://www.seanmurthaart.com

And thanks to Ceri Thomas for the very cool Titanoboa reconstruction. Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at http://alphynix.tumblr.com and http://nixillustration.com

And as always thanks to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: http://spinops.blogspot.com/

Thanks to Studio 252mya for their illustrations. You can find more of their work here: https://252mya.com/licensing

Produced for PBS Digital Studios.

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References:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/e....ducation/events/cowe
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/327/5970/121
https://www.sciencedaily.com/r....eleases/2010/01/1001
https://www.sciencedaily.com/r....eleases/2009/01/0901
http://journals.plos.org/plosb....iology/article?id=10
http://www.paleocene-mammals.de
http://www.paleocene-mammals.de/primates.htm
http://www.paleocene-mammals.de/condylarths.htm
http://www.pnas.org/content/114/30/8047
http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2017/07/tiny-fossil
https://books.google.com/books?id=9GXdGiZyzNAC&pg=PA52
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.502.8153&rep=rep1&type=pdf
http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/101/1/401
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.....wiley.com/doi/pdf/10
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geo....scientist/Archive/Ju
https://research.amnh.org/pale....ontology/perissodact
https://www.britannica.com/science/Eocene-Epoch
https://paleonerdish.wordpress.....com/2015/08/17/clim
http://www.donaldprothero.com/files/47440402.pdf
http://palaeos.com/cenozoic/ol....igocene/oligocene.ht
http://journals.plos.org/ploso....ne/article?id=10.137
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2407816
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolut....ion/change/deeptime/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://www.britannica.com/science/Miocene-Epoch
https://sciencing.com/climate-....miocene-period-4139.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolut....ion/change/deeptime/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolut....ion/change/deeptime/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://www.pnas.org/content/104/4/1159&sa=D&ust=1525092391891000&usg=AFQjCNGJNeJxKQiON8lkDaW_nB3kCbtUSg
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/234272869
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/95/
http://www.pnas.org/content/103/12/4381
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthr....o/earlyprimates/earl
http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/276
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093 oldest simian
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.o....rg/geology/article-l
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC42640
http://www.pnas.org/content/96/25/14664
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/262563845
https://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/planet-
http://www.latimes.com/science..../sciencenow/la-sci-s
http://rstb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/365
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/

🌟 Join the 'I Never Knew TV' Community!Become a member today: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCwZ2vurIl_X8rv0Dv this insightful clip from the holistic health conference, "Groundings With My Brothers and Sisters, 2024" Okuninibaa Dorothy Adamson Holley—affectionately known as Drum Okuninibaa Dot—shares her expert perspective on self-love and the importance of not internalizing untrue messages about ourselves.Join her as she explores how embracing self-care can lead to profound self-acceptance and personal growth. Discover actionable tips and empowering insights that encourage you to prioritize your well-being and silence the negativity from others.⬇︎Please support Okuninibaa Dorothy Adamson Holley and purchase her book and album⬇︎📚 Talk Therapy (Alone) Is Not Enough: Creative Practices for Trauma Treatment 📚https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09MYWWT82?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860&fbclid=IwAR0A-JuQ9t7e8ECOv9mRiOvA-ag3xUCL1hjKgUK6-3Ri8BdJ0ae281j9psk🎤 Drumetry Unleashed! Medicinal Music on a Missionhttps://drumdrdot.bandcamp.com🎧 Catch 'I NEVER KNEW 📻' for Roots, Rock, Reggae Music!Hosted by Jr of 'I Never Knew TV'📅 Sundays: 9 - 11 AM EST📅 Wednesdays: 8 - 10 AM EST📅 Thursdays: 10 AM - Noon ESTListen live: https://wloy.org/listen/#selflove #ineverknewtv

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Watch more reasonings from Jeremiah Owusu-Koramoah:
Pt.1 https://youtu.be/u2AonVF9DZc
Pt.3 https://youtu.be/LU-yIcqXMjg
Pt.4 https://youtu.be/_c5UughMX9c
Pt.5 https://youtu.be/-xFz5OyxZRU
Pt.6 https://youtu.be/g3G9GEZToO0
Pt.7 https://youtu.be/zUAjI85dxB0

In this reasoning Cleveland Brown's linebacker Jeremiah Owusu-Koramoah speaks about the brilliance of African-American theoretical psychologist, social theorist, Pan-African thinker, scholar, author and a professor Dr. Amos N. Wilson

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