Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when an organism changes sex at some point in its life. It’s seen in a few species of gastropods and plants, but mostly fish, like napoleon wrasse, clownfish, groupers and marine angelfish. This transformation involves the complete restructuring of their gonads, as well as changes in their morphology and behaviour. For these fish, sex change is a usual part in their life cycle, and it’s one that carries adaptive advantages.

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All images and videos used herein are 1) in the public domain, 2) used under a Creative Commons license, 3) used with a license, or 4) used under the parameters of Fair Use law.

References:
Avise JC & Mank JE. Evolutionary perspectives on hermaphroditism in fishes. Sex Dev 2009;3:152–163.
Berglund A. Sequential hermaphroditism and the size-advantage hypothesis: an experimental test. Anim Behav 1990;30:426–433.
Todd EV, et al. Bending genders: the biology of natural sex change in fish. Sex Dev 2016;10:223–241.
Casas L, et al. Sex change in clownfish: molecular insights from transcriptome analysis. Sci Rep 2016;6:35461.
Goikoetxea A, et al. Stress and sex: does cortisol mediate sex change in fish? Reproduction 2017;154:R149–R160.
Kazancioğlu E & Alonzo SH. Costs of changing sex do not explain why sequential hermaphroditism is rare. Am Nat 2009;173:327–336.
Waples RS, et al. Consequences of sex change for effective population size. Proc Biol Sci 2018;285:20181702.
Muñoz RC & Warner RR. A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. Am Nat 2003;161:749–761.

Credits:
ふうけ. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Kobudai150
prilfish. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....silkebaron/232002459
Rickard Zerpe. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Orange_sku
Sasuke Tsujita. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD2-ZZsWBYs&ab_channel=SasukeTsujita
フリッパーダイブセンター 群馬県伊勢崎市のダイビングショップ FLIPPER dive center. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5YLywPkUjM&ab_channel=%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%AC%E7%9C%8C%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82%E3%81%AE%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97FLIPPERdivecenter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sr7rPhfWCc&ab_channel=SCUBADIVINGPRO-SHOPMAHI-MAHI
Rickard Zerpe. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Yellow_clo
Carl Malamud. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Yellow_Gob
Rickard Zerpe.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....krokodiver/238064296
alif_abdulrahman. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....alif_abdulrahman/188
aquarist.me. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....aquarist/7075443335/
Christian Gloor. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....christian_gloor/3020
Christian Gloor. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....christian_gloor/3150

#sexchangingfish #sexchange #naturalselection #hermaphroditism #sequentialhermaphroditism #hermaphrodite #biology #evolutionarybiology #zoology #clownfish #kobudai #asiansheepshead

Film by Nidhi Dutt and Daniel Boaden

People & Power investigates the environmental consequences of palm oil plantations in equatorial Africa.

There are few products so ubiquitous as palm oil. You can find its derivatives in chocolate, shampoo, toothpaste, detergent, ice cream, floor polish and a host of other products filling supermarket shelves.

Extracted from the fruit of the tropically-grown oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis), it has become so versatile and sought after that the growing economies of Indonesia and Malaysia, the world's two largest producers, make some $40bn a year from its production and export.

Given that by 2020 global demand for palm oil is expected to double and then triple by 2050, it is no wonder that other developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan West Africa where the tree originates, have been looking enviously at Southeast Asia and hoping to emulate that success.

But palm oil cultivation does not come cost-free. If not done sustainably, say conservationists, it can have disastrous consequences for people and the environment. In Indonesia, for example, it has played a major role in deforestation which has seen the loss of more than 6 million hectares of primary forest over the last 15 years.

As rainforests are home to least half of this planet's species of plants, animals and insects, the negative impact on global biodiversity can only be imagined. In addition, indigenous communities are also destroyed as people who have lived happily off the forest's resources for generations, often do not own the land (at least not in a form recognised by governments, corporations and their lawyers) and are frequently displaced to make way for new plantations.

Boosting Cameroon's economy
It is against this background that the Central and West African state of Cameroon has been trying to get a palm oil industry off - or rather into - the ground. Its President Paul Biya, who has held office since 1982, has been looking for ways to give Cameroon's economy a boost.

His country is not as poverty-stricken as some on the continent. It has some modest oil resources and favourable conditions for agriculture and is comparatively stable politically, but it is not immune from many of the problems associated with developing nations, from chronically high unemployment and an inequitable distribution of income to corruption and inadequate public infrastructure.

Cameroon is also over-reliant on imports, which makes it susceptible to rising prices and food insecurity. According to the UN, more than 40 percent of the population are living under the poverty line, while over one-third of its children are suffering from chronic malnutrition.

Palm oil then, would seem to offer good prospects for additional growth. The tree is native to the region and the climate is perfect for its cultivation. And of course, there are plenty of international agribusiness conglomerates looking for suitable places in West Africa in which to replicate the stellar profits enjoyed by the industry in Asia.

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How did scholars begin to decipher ancient scripts like the hieroglyphs?
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Buy Andrew's biography of Jean-François Champollion "Cracking the Egyptian Code": https://geni.us/WQwD

Very soon after the birth of the first written language - cuneiform - ancient Egypt developed its own writing: the hieroglyphic script, immortalised in the Rosetta Stone kept in the British Museum, which consists of a single royal edict, dated 196 BC, written in the hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek alphabetic scripts.

Andrew Robinson is the author of more than twenty-five books, issued by leading general and academic publishers. In addition to "Cracking the Egyptian Code", they include "The Last Man Who Knew Everything" (a biography of Thomas Young): https://geni.us/XIBXvR , and "Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World’s Undeciphered Scripts": https://geni.us/iqP0Q. A former literary editor of The Times Higher Education Supplement, he also writes reviews and features for newspapers, magazines and journals, in both the arts and sciences.

This talk was filmed in the Ri on 18 January 2019.

Watch the second talk on ancient codes, all about the cuneiform language by Irving Finkel: https://youtu.be/PfYYraMgiBA

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Dr Ben Dr Clarke Dr Van Sertima Interview

⁣Chef Ama's As Above Sobolo vending launch thank you video.

This week on Shady, our host, Lexy Lebsack takes to the streets of L.A. to better understand what's at stake for women living on the street. Through beauty and makeup, this women are able to connect with society and feel human again.

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⁣Ɔbenfo Ọbádélé Kambon Uses Powerful Metaphor To Describe Black Men's Experiences in America Pt. 4

Order our new book and help us to continue with this important research. UK and international postage options are available here https://www.nomads.org/Books.html bulk orders please contact us.

A group of Hadza hunter-gatherers build a traditional hut from baobab branches, sisal plants and grass. Despite modern pressures to settle these people are still (just) managing to live a traditional lifestyle.

📢 “In my community, I advise colleagues to produce organically so that the families who buy from us can be sure their food is healthy.” Meet Antonio, an organic farmer from São Tomé and Príncipe 🇸🇹 working with nature to grow our food.

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⁣Meeting with KOD, the New Director of Diaspora Affairs

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➡️ Watch the full interview ‼️UNCENSORED‼️ with Zen The Herbalist NOW as an 'I Never Knew Tv' YouTube Member -https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCwZ2vurIl_X8rv0Dv

Watch more reasonings from Zen The Herbalist:
Pt.2 https://youtu.be/unfQVypYGVE
Pt.3 https://youtu.be/DMcjlbXemq4

In Part 1 of this insightful reasoning, Zen The Herbalist delves into the crucial topic of insulin resistance and its impact on weight loss. Discover how this often-overlooked condition can be a significant barrier for many individuals trying to shed pounds.

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VegFest Ghana - Healthy Morning HSTV Interview teaser

The Middle Passage refers to the abduction, imprisonment and shipping of African children, women and men to the Americas (North, Central and South) to build the respective economies. This digital story is built on the O'Jays "Ship Ahoy" and the images are from a variety of sources.

Timeless - Mulatu Astatke - February 1, 2009

00:00 Yèkèrmo Sèw
07:32 The Radcliffe
16:01 I Faram Gami
23:46 Yèkatit
31:01 Kasaléfkut Hulu
39:06 Mulatu
46:16 Munayé
54:03 Yègellé Tezeta
59:27 Ebo Lala

Bass Clarinet, Flute, Soprano Saxophone – Bennie Maupin
Drums – Tony Austin
Drums [Hand], Percussion – Munyungo Jackson
Electric Bass, Acoustic Bass – Trevor Ware
Electric Guitar – Dan Ubick
Electric Piano, Piano, Organ – Brandon Coleman
Percussion – Alan Lightner
Tenor Saxophone – Azar Lawrence
Trombone – Joel Yennior, Phil Ranelin
Trumpet, Flugelhorn – Todd Simon
Vibraphone, Percussion – Mulatu Astatke
Viola – Miguel Atwood-Ferguson

Underrepresented Afro-Mexican communities are working to change the Constitution to earn their basic rights like healthcare and education. CCTV America's Franc Contreras reports.

🔴#LIVE​​: GLOBAL HABARI MEI 11 - RAIS SAMIA ATEUA MAJAJI WA MAHAKAMA YA RUFANI

Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Samia Suluhu Hassan amefanya uteuzi wa Majaji wa Mahakama ya Rufani 7, huku akimuongezea muda jaji wa Mahakama moja ya Rufani na kuteua majaji wa mahakama kuu 21.


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⁣Art Blakey - drums....
Wayne Shorter - tenor saxophone....
Freddie Hubbard - trumpet....
Curtis Fuller - trombone....
Cedar Walton - piano....
Reggie Workman - bass....
.........................................................
"Caravan" (Juan Tizol) - 9:46
"Sweet 'n' Sour" (Shorter) - 5:30
"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning" (Mann, Hilliard) - 4:05
"This Is for Albert" (Shorter) - 8:20
"Skylark" (Carmichael, Mercer) - 4:50
"Thermo" (Hubbard) - 6:45
"Sweet 'n' Sour (Take 4)" (Shorter) - 5:27
"Thermo (Take 2)" (Hubbard) - 7:26

Made with the direct participation of Malcolm X and narrated by Ossie Davis, this work of political cinema offers an intense, incendiary vision of black revolution across America. A forgotten masterpiece from radical filmmaker, theorist and founder of Cinéma Éngagé, Édouard de Laurot.

Suppressed in its initial release within the USA, the film went on to attain international recognition both as an artistic triumph and
as a work of authentic political acuity and power.

First Prize, Venice International Film Festival
Third World Film Festival, Paris:
Special Honours as the "First Authentic Underground Film from the USA"
First Prize, Black Film Festival, Chicago, USA
Awarded and honored around the world
from Africa to Australia, from Russia to Latin America.

Screened on the BBC, the CBC (Canada),
and other international television networks.

#####
Reelblack's mission is to educate, elevate, entertain, enlighten, and empower through Black film. If there is content shared on this platform that you feel infringes on your intellectual property, please email me at Reelblack@mail.com and info@reelblack.com with details and it will be promptly removed.

Part of the new wave of Afrobeat/Jazz artists from the diaspora.