"The conventional notion that Africans failed to employ the wheel because of lack of initiative or intelligence is intellectually unsatisfactory, not so much because it is racialist as because it is circular: Africans are supposed to have ignored the wheel because they were unenterprising, and the evidence that they were unenterprising is that they failed to adopt the wheel."
---Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), p. 257

0:00 Introduction
1:34 What's so special about wheels, anyway?
6:02 Why didn't Europe adopt the camel?
8:02 Trypanosomiasis and the tsetse
9:32 Arid areas of East and Southern Africa without the tsetse
10:30 Appeal to Africa specialists
11:08 Cigarettes and pennies

FOOTNOTES

[1] K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 110

[2] W. T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916), vol. 1, p. 22
Edward Whiting Fox, History in Geographic Perspective: The Other France (New York: Norton, 1971), p. 34
William H. McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels, or Eurasian Transportation in Historical Perspective,” American Historical Review, 92, no. 5 (December 1987), pp. 1111-13
For a somewhat contrasting view (that still shows water transport to be cheaper than land), see James Masschaele, “Transport Costs in Medieval England,” in The Economic History Review, 46, no. 2 (May 1993), pp. 266-79

[3] Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, pp. 8-9

[4] Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, p. 5
McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels,” p. 1111

[5] McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels,” pp. 1123-25
Yi-Rong Ann Hsu, Clifton W. Pannell, and James O. Wheeler, “The Development and Structure of Transportation Networks in Taiwan: 1600–1972,” in China’s Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, ed. Ronald G. Knapp (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980), p. 165
Heather Sutherland, “Geography as Destiny? The Role of Water in Southeast Asian History,” in A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories, ed. Peter Boomgaard, Verhandelingen van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 240 (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2007), pp. 27–70
For an overview of maritime trade in this region, see Ng Chin-keong, Boundaries and Beyond: China's Maritime Southeast in Late Imperial Times (Singapore: NUS Press, 2017), chapter 1.

[6] Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), pp. 22-25
A. G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), p. 72

[7] Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, pp. 71-75
Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), pp. 257-58

[8] T. A. M. Nash, Africa’s Bane: The Tsetse Fly (London: Collins, 1969)
Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, pp. 71-75
Ralph A. Austen and Daniel Headrick, “The Role of Technology in the African Past,” African Studies Review, 26, no. 3/4 (September 1983), pp. 170-171
Marcella Alsan, “The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development,” American Economic Review, 105, no. 1 (January 2015), pp. 382–410 (passim)
See also Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” p. 253

[9] Paul Starkey, “A World-Wide View of Animal Traction Highlighting Some Key Issues in Eastern and Southern Africa,” in Improving Animal Traction Technology: Proceedings of the First Workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) (Wageningen, The Netherlands: Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), 1994), p. 74


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⁣7 Nov 2024
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When will African countries learn to support each other? When will African countries desist and reject colonial influences and embrace true Pan-Africanism? Honestly speaking, the situation is pathetic. We all know that Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso have rejected the West-backed regional bloc, ECOWAS, and formed another bloc that reflects true Independence. However, there are some African countries that have refused to accept their decision. These countries which the report has shown are puppets of France have refused to accept the decision of the three countries. These countries are none other than Ivory Coast and Gabon. Interestingly, the President of Ivory Coast who has proven himself to be a nemesis of true African Independence has employed the new President of Ghana in his scheme to persuade the three Sahel countries to return to the regional bloc. The Ghanaian President has however opted to take a different approach. But how did it all play out? Let's find out. A few days ago, the new President of Ghana, John Dramani Mahama paid a visit to Abidjan Ivory Coast, as part of his regional visit. There, he met with the President of Ivory Coast, Alassane Ouattara. During the discussion, both Presidents spoke on several topics including defence, security, and the cocoa economy. Recall that both Ivory Coast and Ghana are among the leading producers of cocoa in the world. But among the topics of discussion was the issue of the withdrawal of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso from the regional bloc, ECOWAS.

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⁣One of the worst mass killers in South Africa’s history is free from prison. He is finally ready to speak; and 30 years on, his victims are still fighting for closure and justice.

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Fight Like Hell shows the true story of January 6 as it's never been seen before. With no narration, commentary, or other “spin,” the film immerses the viewer into the Stop the Steal movement from its origins - long before the 2020 election had even ended. As President Trump fought the election results in court, see how the Stop the Steal movement fought it in the streets. With original never-seen footage shot by an army combat cinematographer using state-of-the-art cinema cameras, Fight Like Hell is a visceral experience that brings you right into the moment as it happened.

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