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Why pre-colonial Africa did not ADOPT the wheel

Why pre-colonial Africa did not ADOPT the wheel Kwabena Ofori Osei 38 Views • 2 years ago

"The conventional notion that Africans failed to employ the wheel because of lack of initiative or intelligence is intellectually unsatisfactory, not so much because it is racialist as because it is circular: Africans are supposed to have ignored the wheel because they were unenterprising, and the evidence that they were unenterprising is that they failed to adopt the wheel."
---Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), p. 257

0:00 Introduction
1:34 What's so special about wheels, anyway?
6:02 Why didn't Europe adopt the camel?
8:02 Trypanosomiasis and the tsetse
9:32 Arid areas of East and Southern Africa without the tsetse
10:30 Appeal to Africa specialists
11:08 Cigarettes and pennies

FOOTNOTES

[1] K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 110

[2] W. T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916), vol. 1, p. 22
Edward Whiting Fox, History in Geographic Perspective: The Other France (New York: Norton, 1971), p. 34
William H. McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels, or Eurasian Transportation in Historical Perspective,” American Historical Review, 92, no. 5 (December 1987), pp. 1111-13
For a somewhat contrasting view (that still shows water transport to be cheaper than land), see James Masschaele, “Transport Costs in Medieval England,” in The Economic History Review, 46, no. 2 (May 1993), pp. 266-79

[3] Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, pp. 8-9

[4] Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, p. 5
McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels,” p. 1111

[5] McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels,” pp. 1123-25
Yi-Rong Ann Hsu, Clifton W. Pannell, and James O. Wheeler, “The Development and Structure of Transportation Networks in Taiwan: 1600–1972,” in China’s Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, ed. Ronald G. Knapp (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980), p. 165
Heather Sutherland, “Geography as Destiny? The Role of Water in Southeast Asian History,” in A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories, ed. Peter Boomgaard, Verhandelingen van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 240 (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2007), pp. 27–70
For an overview of maritime trade in this region, see Ng Chin-keong, Boundaries and Beyond: China's Maritime Southeast in Late Imperial Times (Singapore: NUS Press, 2017), chapter 1.

[6] Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), pp. 22-25
A. G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), p. 72

[7] Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, pp. 71-75
Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), pp. 257-58

[8] T. A. M. Nash, Africa’s Bane: The Tsetse Fly (London: Collins, 1969)
Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, pp. 71-75
Ralph A. Austen and Daniel Headrick, “The Role of Technology in the African Past,” African Studies Review, 26, no. 3/4 (September 1983), pp. 170-171
Marcella Alsan, “The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development,” American Economic Review, 105, no. 1 (January 2015), pp. 382–410 (passim)
See also Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” p. 253

[9] Paul Starkey, “A World-Wide View of Animal Traction Highlighting Some Key Issues in Eastern and Southern Africa,” in Improving Animal Traction Technology: Proceedings of the First Workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) (Wageningen, The Netherlands: Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), 1994), p. 74

THUMBNAIL CREDITS
Composite satellite image of Africa by NASA, public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Africa_(sa

#IGrowYourFood - Meet some of the Farmers in Kenya Dealing with Drought

#IGrowYourFood - Meet some of the Farmers in Kenya Dealing with Drought Ambakisye-Okang Dukuzumurenyi 29 Views • 5 years ago

Organic farmers in Kenya shared their experiences with drought, and the benefits organic farming provides for them to build healthy soils and continue producing food.

“#IGrowYourFood” is a part of GoodFood4All” campaign.

There are many things that connect people the world over. Food is one of them. We all have to eat. And, everyone has the right to access affordable, nutritious, good food.

But what about those who grow our food?

Do we know enough about the challenges they face, the work they do and how we can support them?

Then, without farmers, how would we eat?

The “#GoodFood4All” campaign is organized by 25 partners across Europe who have come together in "Make Europe Sustainable for All", a 3-year cross-sectoral project to promote the ambitious implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

🎞 Also, check other videos from organic farmers diligently participated to share their own stories from the field:

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Gnavo Josephine, a pineapple farmer from Togo 🇹🇬
https://youtu.be/OaFASL2HK_s

#IGrowYourFood - Meet David Avelar from Portugal & hear what he has to say about Permaculture 🇵🇹
https://youtu.be/flNHvawzz2w

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Simon Mattsson from Australia 🇦🇺
https://youtu.be/Ia2XWAnlKzQ

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Yorgos Xepapadakos, an organic farmer from Greece 🇬🇷
https://youtu.be/EJf9AElCC9o

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Franciszek Kesler, an organic farmer from Poland 🇵🇱
https://youtu.be/3Bev9jr74mY

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Juan Carlos Mendoza Gonzalez, an organic farmer from El Salvador 🇸🇻
https://youtu.be/JoLWyxF3IX0

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Aurore Juillet, an organic market gardener from France 🇫🇷
https://youtu.be/40ly6vPlW60

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Penny Lange, an organic farmer from Ireland 🇮🇪
https://youtu.be/rrcIe_XQ4U4

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Giacomo Lepre, an organic farmer from Italy 🇮🇹
https://youtu.be/2C3S59Ysbvo

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Jonas Ringqvist, an organic farmer from Sweden 🇸🇪
https://youtu.be/2C3S59Ysbvo

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Mihai Sorin, an organic beekeeper from Romania 🇷🇴
https://youtu.be/vXaa-ynfZFA

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Jan Dirk & Irene Van de Voort, an organic farmer from Netherlands 🇳🇱
https://youtu.be/082OeBdTF9U

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Fergal Anderson, an organic farmer from Ireland 🇮🇪
https://youtu.be/4CPZtKqz8lI

#IGrowYourFood – Meet Helena, an organic farmer from Czech Republic 🇨🇿
https://youtu.be/whQEll-IO78

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Joseph Lwevuze, an organic farmer from Uganda 🇺🇬
https://youtu.be/sZN5qnW08eM

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Ieva Stragytė, an organic farmer from Lithuania 🇱🇹
https://youtu.be/sHTOhtduQE4

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Corazon de Raeymaecker, an organic farmer from Belgium 🇧🇪
https://youtu.be/m2cjAh1k2pY

#IGrowYourFood - Meet Lutz, Katharina, Christine & Felix, the organic farmers from Austria 🇦🇹
https://youtu.be/2iHpNw9ygMg

Good food 🥕🥔🍆 comes from sustainable, organic farming 🚜.

🔎 FIND OUT MORE about our ongoing campaigns ‘Good Food 4 All‘:
https://makeeuropesustainablef....orall.org/good-food-

🇪🇺 ‘Good Food 4 All‘ - a global campaign led by IFOAM - Organics International with the mission to promote the need for greater Sustainability in our Food and Farming Systems.

IFOAM – Organics International leading organic movement from all across Europe to build an inclusive, sustainable, and progressive future for all: Make Europe Sustainable for All.

🔘 Stay tuned with campaign updates on different social media platforms:

📲 SUBSCRIBE to our YouTube channel to watch campaign videos.
https://www.youtube.com/user/i....foam2007?sub_confirm

🔔 Hit the NOTIFICATION BELL ICON to join our 'Organic Squad' to get all the notifications for all uploads and live streams.

👍🏻 Stay connected on Facebook for stories, rich media posts:
https://www.facebook.com/ifoam.organic

👇🏻 Join the conversation on Twitter:
https://twitter.com/IFOAMorganic

#️⃣ Use campaign dedicated hashtag on YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram:
#IGrowYourFood

💻 CHECK OUT the personal stories from organic farmers and updates from organic projects on our blog Organic Without Boundaries:
https://www.organicwithoutboundaries.bio/

Organic Farming Drives Sustainability in Global Agriculture
https://www.organicwithoutboundaries.bio/2019/04/11/organic-farming-drives-sustainability/

World Soil Day: How Organic can be a Solution to Soil Pollution
https://www.organicwithoutboundaries.bio/2018/11/30/world-soil-day-2018/

Copenhagen: Investing Public Money in Public Good
https://www.organicwithoutboundaries.bio/2018/11/14/public-money-public-goods/

📩 SUBSCRIBE to our blog ORGANIC WITHOUT BOUNDARIES for informative articles:
https://www.organicwithoutboundaries.bio/subscribe/

#IGrowYourFood #GoodFood4All #MakeEuropeSustainableForAll

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