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Evolution of Sex Change in Fish Ambakisye-Okang Dukuzumurenyi 41 Views • 5 years ago

Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when an organism changes sex at some point in its life. It’s seen in a few species of gastropods and plants, but mostly fish, like napoleon wrasse, clownfish, groupers and marine angelfish. This transformation involves the complete restructuring of their gonads, as well as changes in their morphology and behaviour. For these fish, sex change is a usual part in their life cycle, and it’s one that carries adaptive advantages.

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References:
Avise JC & Mank JE. Evolutionary perspectives on hermaphroditism in fishes. Sex Dev 2009;3:152–163.
Berglund A. Sequential hermaphroditism and the size-advantage hypothesis: an experimental test. Anim Behav 1990;30:426–433.
Todd EV, et al. Bending genders: the biology of natural sex change in fish. Sex Dev 2016;10:223–241.
Casas L, et al. Sex change in clownfish: molecular insights from transcriptome analysis. Sci Rep 2016;6:35461.
Goikoetxea A, et al. Stress and sex: does cortisol mediate sex change in fish? Reproduction 2017;154:R149–R160.
Kazancioğlu E & Alonzo SH. Costs of changing sex do not explain why sequential hermaphroditism is rare. Am Nat 2009;173:327–336.
Waples RS, et al. Consequences of sex change for effective population size. Proc Biol Sci 2018;285:20181702.
Muñoz RC & Warner RR. A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. Am Nat 2003;161:749–761.

Credits:
ふうけ. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Kobudai150
prilfish. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....silkebaron/232002459
Rickard Zerpe. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Orange_sku
Sasuke Tsujita. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD2-ZZsWBYs&ab_channel=SasukeTsujita
フリッパーダイブセンター群馬県伊勢崎市のダイビングショップ FLIPPER dive center. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5YLywPkUjM&ab_channel=%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%AC%E7%9C%8C%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82%E3%81%AE%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97FLIPPERdivecenter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sr7rPhfWCc&ab_channel=SCUBADIVINGPRO-SHOPMAHI-MAHI
Rickard Zerpe. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Yellow_clo
Carl Malamud. https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Yellow_Gob
Rickard Zerpe.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....krokodiver/238064296
alif_abdulrahman. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....alif_abdulrahman/188
aquarist.me. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....aquarist/7075443335/
Christian Gloor. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....christian_gloor/3020
Christian Gloor. https://www.flickr.com/photos/....christian_gloor/3150

#sexchangingfish #sexchange #naturalselection #hermaphroditism #sequentialhermaphroditism #hermaphrodite #biology #evolutionarybiology #zoology #clownfish #kobudai #asiansheepshead

The Science of Spying [1965] Ambakisye-Okang Dukuzumurenyi 26 Views • 5 years ago

This film presents an account of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) activities that had previously been covert, including actions in Iran, Vietnam, Laos, the Congo, Cuba, and Guatemala. The film includes interviews with CIA director Allen Dulles and Dick Bissel.
From archive.org/US National Archives.
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As described in the book,
Into the Fray: How NBC's Washington Documentary Unit Reinvented the News By Tom Mascaro

https://www.amazon.com/Into-Fr....ay-Washington-Docume

The Science of Spying, marked the arrival of Bob Rogers as a field reporter-producer. The program aired May 4, 1965, and tracked the roots of U.S. covert operations back to the 1950s, providing a stark account of clandestine initiatives in a time before public disclosures, congressional investigations, and Hollywood movies made the 1970s a difficult time to be an American spy. The "Pentagon Papers," the Pike and Church Committees, and thrillers such as Three Days of the Condor eventually revealed the CIA's complicity in assassination plots and interna-tional meddling, which Yates and Rogers had already seen up close. NBC management stood firm when The Science of Spying attracted criti-cism. Ad reps from Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn (BBD&O) screened it and advised their client B. F. Goodrich Company to withdraw.31 BBD&O issued a statement saying the program violated the Goodrich advertising policy "in that it treats a controversial public issue in a way which may do harm to the government of the United States?" NBC countered that the documentary "fell within the broad outlines of the program policy origi-nally submitted to and accepted by the B. F. Goodrich agency, BBD&O."33 The CIA watched the program and tracked subsequent reactions in the national press. Viewers wrote to President Johnson complaining NBC News had given America's enemies negative propaganda.34 Yates may have antici-pated some adverse reactions to the program, but he never expected to be frightened by what he discovered. "

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